test(engine): add regression tests for HandleContext with NoRoute (#4571)

Add two regression tests for GitHub issue #1848 to verify that
Context.handlers are properly isolated in HandleContext when used
from a NoRoute handler with group and engine middleware.

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: Bo-Yi Wu <appleboy.tw@gmail.com>

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-- With issues:
-  - Use the search tool before opening a new issue.
-  - Please provide source code and commit sha if you found a bug.
-  - Review existing issues and provide feedback or react to them.
-
-## Description
-
-<!-- Description of a problem -->
-
-## How to reproduce
-
-<!-- The smallest possible code example to show the problem that can be compiled, like -->
-```
-package main
-
-import (
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	g := gin.Default()
-	g.GET("/hello/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
-		c.String(200, "Hello %s", c.Param("name"))
-	})
-	g.Run(":9000")
-}
-```
-
-## Expectations
-
-<!-- Your expectation result of 'curl' command, like -->
-```
-$ curl http://localhost:9000/hello/world
-Hello world
-```
-
-## Actual result
-
-<!-- Actual result showing the problem -->
-```
-$ curl -i http://localhost:9000/hello/world
-<YOUR RESULT>
-```
-
-## Environment
-
-- go version:
-- gin version (or commit ref):
-- operating system:

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+name: Bug Report
+description: Found something you weren't expecting? Report it here!
+labels: ["type/bug"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        NOTE: If your issue is a security concern, please send an email to appleboy.tw@gmail.com instead of opening a public issue.
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        1. Please speak English, this is the language all maintainers can speak and write.
+        2. Please ask questions problems on our Discussions Forum (https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
+        3. Make sure you are using the latest release and
+           take a moment to check that your issue hasn't been reported before.
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: Description
+      description: |
+        Please provide a description of your issue here, with a URL if you were able to reproduce the issue (see below)
+  - type: input
+    id: gin-ver
+    attributes:
+      label: Gin Version
+      description: Gin version (or commit reference) of your instance
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: can-reproduce
+    attributes:
+      label: Can you reproduce the bug?
+      description: |
+        If so, please write the steps to reproduce the bug.
+      options:
+        - "Yes"
+        - "No"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        It's really important to provide pertinent logs
+        Please read https://docs.gitea.com/administration/logging-config#collecting-logs-for-help
+        In addition, if your problem relates to git commands set `RUN_MODE=dev` at the top of app.ini
+  - type: textarea
+    id: source-code
+    attributes:
+      label: Source Code
+      description: If this issue involves source code, please provide a minimal reproducible example
+  - type: input
+    id: go-ver
+    attributes:
+      label: Go Version
+      description: The version of Go running on the server
+  - type: input
+    id: os-ver
+    attributes:
+      label: Operating System
+      description: The operating system you are using to run Gin

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+  - name: Go.dev API Documentation
+    url: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin
+    about: Comprehensive API documentation for Gin.
+  - name: Gin User Guides
+    url: https://gin-gonic.com/
+    about: In-depth user guides and tutorials for using Gin.
+  - name: Discussions Forum
+    url: https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions
+    about: Questions and configuration or deployment problems can also be discussed.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Feature Request
+description: Got an idea for a feature that Gin doesn't have currently?  Submit your idea here!
+labels: ["type/proposal"]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        1. Please speak English, this is the language all maintainers can speak and write.
+        2. Please ask questions problems on our Discussions Forum (https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
+        3. Please take a moment to check that your feature hasn't already been suggested.
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: Feature Description
+      placeholder: |
+        I think it would be great if Gin had...
+    validations:
+      required: true

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-- With pull requests:
-  - Open your pull request against `master`
-  - Your pull request should have no more than two commits, if not you should squash them.
-  - It should pass all tests in the available continuous integration systems such as GitHub Actions.
-  - You should add/modify tests to cover your proposed code changes.
-  - If your pull request contains a new feature, please document it on the README.
+# Pull Request Checklist
 
+Please ensure your pull request meets the following requirements:
+
+- [ ] Open your pull request against the `master` branch.
+- [ ] All tests pass in available continuous integration systems (e.g., GitHub Actions).
+- [ ] Tests are added or modified as needed to cover code changes.
+- [ ] If the pull request introduces a new feature, the feature is documented in the `docs/doc.md`.
+
+Thank you for contributing!

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 version: 2
 updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
-    directory: /
-    schedule:
-      interval: weekly
   - package-ecosystem: gomod
     directory: /
     schedule:
-      interval: weekly
+      interval: daily
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"
+    schedule:
+      interval: daily

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v4
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ jobs:
           # queries: ./path/to/local/query, your-org/your-repo/queries@main
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v4

.github/workflows/gin.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Set up Go
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ jobs:
         with:
           go-version: "^1"
       - name: Setup golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
         with:
-          version: v2.1.6
+          version: v2.11
           args: --verbose
   test:
     needs: lint
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
-        go: ["1.23", "1.24", "1.25"]
+        go: ["1.25", "1.26"]
         test-tags:
           [
             "",
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ jobs:
           cache: false
 
       - name: Checkout Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.ref }}
 
-      - uses: actions/cache@v4
+      - uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: |
             ${{ matrix.go-build }}
@@ -78,22 +78,6 @@ jobs:
         run: make test
 
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
         with:
           flags: ${{ matrix.os }},go-${{ matrix.go }},${{ matrix.test-tags }}
-
-  vulnerability-scanning:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-
-      - name: Run Trivy vulnerability scanner in repo mode
-        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@0.33.1
-        with:
-          scan-type: 'fs'
-          ignore-unfixed: true
-          format: 'table'
-          exit-code: '1'
-          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH,MEDIUM'

.github/workflows/goreleaser.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Set up Go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           go-version: "^1"
       - name: Run GoReleaser
-        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v6
+        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v7
         with:
           # either 'goreleaser' (default) or 'goreleaser-pro'
           distribution: goreleaser

.github/workflows/trivy-scan.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+name: Trivy Security Scan
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  schedule:
+    # Run daily at 00:00 UTC
+    - cron: "0 0 * * *"
+  workflow_dispatch: # Allow manual trigger
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  security-events: write # Required for uploading SARIF results
+
+jobs:
+  trivy-scan:
+    name: Trivy Security Scan
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Run Trivy vulnerability scanner (source code)
+        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@0.35.0
+        with:
+          scan-type: "fs"
+          scan-ref: "."
+          scanners: "vuln,secret,misconfig"
+          format: "sarif"
+          output: "trivy-results.sarif"
+          severity: "CRITICAL,HIGH,MEDIUM"
+          ignore-unfixed: true
+
+      - name: Upload Trivy results to GitHub Security tab
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v4
+        if: always()
+        with:
+          sarif_file: "trivy-results.sarif"
+
+      - name: Run Trivy scanner (table output for logs)
+        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@0.35.0
+        if: always()
+        with:
+          scan-type: "fs"
+          scan-ref: "."
+          scanners: "vuln,secret,misconfig"
+          format: "table"
+          severity: "CRITICAL,HIGH,MEDIUM"
+          ignore-unfixed: true
+          exit-code: "1"

.golangci.yml

@@ -18,15 +18,8 @@ linters:
     - wastedassign
   settings:
     gosec:
-      includes:
-        - G102
-        - G106
-        - G108
-        - G109
-        - G111
-        - G112
-        - G201
-        - G203
+      excludes:
+        - G115
     perfsprint:
       int-conversion: true
       err-error: true
@@ -68,7 +61,6 @@ linters:
       - examples$
 formatters:
   enable:
-    - gci
     - gofmt
     - gofumpt
     - goimports
@@ -80,7 +72,4 @@ formatters:
   exclusions:
     generated: lax
     paths:
-      - third_party$
-      - builtin$
-      - examples$
       - gin.go

AUTHORS.md

@@ -1,406 +0,0 @@
-List of all the awesome people working to make Gin the best Web Framework in Go.
-
-## gin 1.x series authors
-
-**Gin Core Team:** Bo-Yi Wu (@appleboy), thinkerou (@thinkerou), Javier Provecho (@javierprovecho)
-
-## gin 0.x series authors
-
-**Maintainers:** Manu Martinez-Almeida (@manucorporat), Javier Provecho (@javierprovecho)
-
-------
-
-People and companies, who have contributed, in alphabetical order.
-
-- 178inaba <178inaba@users.noreply.github.com>
-- A. F <hello@clivern.com>
-- ABHISHEK SONI <abhishek.rocks26@gmail.com>
-- Abhishek Chanda <achanda@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Abner Chen <houjunchen@gmail.com>
-- AcoNCodes <acongame@gmail.com>
-- Adam Dratwinski <adam.dratwinski@gmail.com>
-- Adam Mckaig <adam.mckaig@gmail.com>
-- Adam Zielinski <MusicAdam@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Adonis <donileo@gmail.com>
-- Alan Wang <azzwacb9001@126.com>
-- Albin Gilles <gilles.albin@gmail.com>
-- Aleksandr Didenko <aa.didenko@yandex.ru>
-- Alessandro (Ale) Segala <43508+ItalyPaleAle@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Alex <AWulkan@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Alexander <alexanderchenmh@gmail.com>
-- Alexander Lokhman <alex.lokhman@gmail.com>
-- Alexander Melentyev <55826637+alexander-melentyev@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Alexander Nyquist <nyquist.alexander@gmail.com>
-- Allen Ren <kulong0105@gmail.com>
-- AllinGo <tanhp@outlook.com>
-- Ammar Bandukwala <ammar@ammar.io>
-- An Xiao (Luffy) <hac@zju.edu.cn>
-- Andre Dublin <81dublin@gmail.com>
-- Andrew Szeto <github@jabagawee.com>
-- Andrey Abramov <andreyabramov.aaa@gmail.com>
-- Andrey Nering <andrey.nering@gmail.com>
-- Andrey Smirnov <Smirnov.Andrey@gmail.com>
-- Andrii Bubis <firstrow@gmail.com>
-- André Bazaglia <bazaglia@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Andy Pan <panjf2000@gmail.com>
-- Antoine GIRARD <sapk@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Anup Kumar Panwar <1anuppanwar@gmail.com>
-- Aravinth Sundaram <gosh.aravind@gmail.com>
-- Artem <horechek@gmail.com>
-- Ashwani <ashwanisharma686@gmail.com>
-- Aurelien Regat-Barrel <arb@cyberkarma.net>
-- Austin Heap <me@austinheap.com>
-- Barnabus <jbampton@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Bo-Yi Wu <appleboy.tw@gmail.com>
-- Boris Borshevsky <BorisBorshevsky@gmail.com>
-- Boyi Wu <p581581@gmail.com>
-- BradyBromley <51128276+BradyBromley@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Brendan Fosberry <brendan@shopkeep.com>
-- Brian Wigginton <brianwigginton@gmail.com>
-- Carlos Eduardo <carlosedp@gmail.com>
-- Chad Russell <chaddouglasrussell@gmail.com>
-- Charles <cxjava@gmail.com>
-- Christian Muehlhaeuser <muesli@gmail.com>
-- Christian Persson <saser@live.se>
-- Christopher Harrington <ironiridis@gmail.com>
-- Damon Zhao <yijun.zhao@outlook.com>
-- Dan Markham <dmarkham@gmail.com>
-- Dang Nguyen <hoangdang.me@gmail.com>
-- Daniel Krom <kromdan@gmail.com>
-- Daniel M. Lambea <dmlambea@gmail.com>
-- Danieliu <liudanking@gmail.com>
-- David Irvine <aviddiviner@gmail.com>
-- David Zhang <crispgm@gmail.com>
-- Davor Kapsa <dvrkps@users.noreply.github.com>
-- DeathKing <DeathKing@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Dennis Cho <47404603+forest747@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Dmitry Dorogin <dmirogin@ya.ru>
-- Dmitry Kutakov <vkd.castle@gmail.com>
-- Dmitry Sedykh <dmitrys@d3h.local>
-- Don2Quixote <35610661+Don2Quixote@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Donn Pebe <iam@donnpebe.com>
-- Dustin Decker <dustindecker@protonmail.com>
-- Eason Lin <easonlin404@gmail.com>
-- Edward Betts <edward@4angle.com>
-- Egor Seredin <4819888+agmt@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Emmanuel Goh <emmanuel@visenze.com>
-- Equim <sayaka@ekyu.moe>
-- Eren A. Akyol <eren@redmc.me>
-- Eric_Lee <xplzv@126.com>
-- Erik Bender <erik.bender@develerik.dev>
-- Ethan Kan <ethankan@neoplot.com>
-- Evgeny Persienko <e.persienko@office.ngs.ru>
-- Faisal Alam <ifaisalalam@gmail.com>
-- Fareed Dudhia <fareeddudhia@googlemail.com>
-- Filip Figiel <figiel.filip@gmail.com>
-- Florian Polster <couchpolster@icqmail.com>
-- Frank Bille <github@frankbille.dk>
-- Franz Bettag <franz@bett.ag>
-- Ganlv <ganlvtech@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Gaozhen Ying <yinggaozhen@hotmail.com>
-- George Gabolaev <gabolaev98@gmail.com>
-- George Kirilenko <necryin@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Georges Varouchas <georges.varouchas@gmail.com>
-- Gordon Tyler <gordon@doxxx.net>
-- Harindu Perera <harinduenator@gmail.com>
-- Helios <674876158@qq.com>
-- Henry Kwan <piengeng@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Henry Yee <henry@yearning.io>
-- Himanshu Mishra <OrkoHunter@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Hiroyuki Tanaka <h.tanaka.0325@gmail.com>
-- Ibraheem Ahmed <ibrah1440@gmail.com>
-- Ignacio Galindo <joiggama@gmail.com>
-- Igor H. Vieira <zignd.igor@gmail.com>
-- Ildar1111 <54001462+Ildar1111@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Iskander (Alex) Sharipov <iskander.sharipov@intel.com>
-- Ismail Gjevori <isgjevori@protonmail.com>
-- Ivan Chen <allenivan@gmail.com>
-- JINNOUCHI Yasushi <delphinus@remora.cx>
-- James Pettyjohn <japettyjohn@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Jamie Stackhouse <jamie.stackhouse@redspace.com>
-- Jason Lee <jawc@hotmail.com>
-- Javier Provecho <j.provecho@dartekstudios.com>
-- Javier Provecho <javier.provecho@bq.com>
-- Javier Provecho <javiertitan@gmail.com>
-- Javier Provecho Fernandez <j.provecho@dartekstudios.com>
-- Javier Provecho Fernandez <javiertitan@gmail.com>
-- Jean-Christophe Lebreton <jclebreton@gmail.com>
-- Jeff <laojianzi1994@gmail.com>
-- Jeremy Loy <jeremy.b.loy@icloud.com>
-- Jim Filippou <p3160253@aueb.gr>
-- Jimmy Pettersson <jimmy@expertmaker.com>
-- John Bampton <jbampton@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Johnny Dallas <johnnydallas0308@gmail.com>
-- Johnny Dallas <theonlyjohnny@theonlyjohnny.sh>
-- Jonathan (JC) Chen <jc@dijonkitchen.org>
-- Josep Jesus Bigorra Algaba <42377845+averageflow@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Josh Horowitz <joshua.m.horowitz@gmail.com>
-- Joshua Loper <josh.el3@gmail.com>
-- Julien Schmidt <github@julienschmidt.com>
-- Jun Kimura <jksmphone@gmail.com>
-- Justin Beckwith <justin.beckwith@gmail.com>
-- Justin Israel <justinisrael@gmail.com>
-- Justin Mayhew <mayhew@live.ca>
-- Jérôme Laforge <jerome-laforge@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Kacper Bąk <56700396+53jk1@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Kamron Batman <kamronbatman@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Kane Rogers <kane@cleanstream.com.au>
-- Kaushik Neelichetty <kaushikneelichetty6132@gmail.com>
-- Keiji Yoshida <yoshida.keiji.84@gmail.com>
-- Kel Cecil <kel.cecil@listhub.com>
-- Kevin Mulvey <kmulvey@linux.com>
-- Kevin Zhu <ipandtcp@gmail.com>
-- Kirill Motkov <motkov.kirill@gmail.com>
-- Klemen Sever <ksever@student.42.fr>
-- Kristoffer A. Iversen <kristoffer.a.iversen@gmail.com>
-- Krzysztof Szafrański <k.p.szafranski@gmail.com>
-- Kumar McMillan <kumar.mcmillan@gmail.com>
-- Kyle Mcgill <email@kylescottmcgill.com>
-- Lanco <35420416+lancoLiu@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Levi Olson <olson.levi@gmail.com>
-- Lin Kao-Yuan <mosdeo@gmail.com>
-- Linus Unnebäck <linus@folkdatorn.se>
-- Lucas Clemente <lucas@clemente.io>
-- Ludwig Valda Vasquez <bredov@gmail.com>
-- Luis GG <lggomez@users.noreply.github.com>
-- MW Lim <williamchange@gmail.com>
-- Maksimov Sergey <konjoot@gmail.com>
-- Manjusaka <lizheao940510@gmail.com>
-- Manu MA <manu.mtza@gmail.com>
-- Manu MA <manu.valladolid@gmail.com>
-- Manu Mtz-Almeida <manu.valladolid@gmail.com>
-- Manu Mtz.-Almeida <manu.valladolid@gmail.com>
-- Manuel Alonso <manuelalonso@invisionapp.com>
-- Mara Kim <hacker.root@gmail.com>
-- Mario Kostelac <mario@intercom.io>
-- Martin Karlsch <martin@karlsch.com>
-- Matt Newberry <mnewberry@opentable.com>
-- Matt Williams <gh@mattyw.net>
-- Matthieu MOREL <mmorel-35@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Max Hilbrunner <mhilbrunner@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Maxime Soulé <btik-git@scoubidou.com>
-- MetalBreaker <johnymichelson@gmail.com>
-- Michael Puncel <mpuncel@squareup.com>
-- MichaelDeSteven <51652084+MichaelDeSteven@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Mike <38686456+icy4ever@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Mike Stipicevic <mst@ableton.com>
-- Miki Tebeka <miki.tebeka@gmail.com>
-- Miles <MilesLin@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Mirza Ceric <mirza.ceric@b2match.com>
-- Mykyta Semenistyi <nikeiwe@gmail.com>
-- Naoki Takano <honten@tinkermode.com>
-- Ngalim Siregar <ngalim.siregar@gmail.com>
-- Ni Hao <supernihaooo@qq.com>
-- Nick Gerakines <nick@gerakines.net>
-- Nikifor Seryakov <nikandfor@gmail.com>
-- Notealot <714804968@qq.com>
-- Olivier Mengué <dolmen@cpan.org>
-- Olivier Robardet <orobardet@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Pablo Moncada <pablo.moncada@bq.com>
-- Pablo Moncada <pmoncadaisla@gmail.com>
-- Panmax <967168@qq.com>
-- Peperoncino <2wua4nlyi@gmail.com>
-- Philipp Meinen <philipp@bind.ch>
-- Pierre Massat <pierre@massat.io>
-- Qt <golang.chen@gmail.com>
-- Quentin ROYER <aydendevg@gmail.com>
-- README Bot <35302948+codetriage-readme-bot@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Rafal Zajac <rzajac@gmail.com>
-- Rahul Datta Roy <rahuldroy@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Rajiv Kilaparti <rajivk085@gmail.com>
-- Raphael Gavache <raphael.gavache@datadoghq.com>
-- Ray Rodriguez <rayrod2030@gmail.com>
-- Regner Blok-Andersen <shadowdf@gmail.com>
-- Remco <remco@dutchcoders.io>
-- Rex Lee(李俊) <duguying2008@gmail.com>
-- Richard Lee <dlackty@gmail.com>
-- Riverside <wangyb65@gmail.com>
-- Robert Wilkinson <wilkinson.robert.a@gmail.com>
-- Rogier Lommers <rogier@lommers.org>
-- Rohan Pai <me@rohanpai.com>
-- Romain Beuque <rbeuque74@gmail.com>
-- Roman Belyakovsky <ihryamzik@gmail.com>
-- Roman Zaynetdinov <627197+zaynetro@users.noreply.github.com>
-- Roman Zaynetdinov <roman.zaynetdinov@lekane.com>
-- Ronald Petty <ronald.petty@rx-m.com>
-- Ross Wolf <31489089+rw-access@users.noreply.github.com>
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BENCHMARKS.md

@@ -1,666 +1,291 @@
+# Gin Benchmark Report
 
-# Benchmark System
-
-**VM HOST:** Travis
-**Machine:** Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS x64
-**Date:** May 04th, 2020
-**Version:** Gin v1.6.3
-**Go Version:** 1.14.2 linux/amd64
+**Machine:** Apple M4 Pro
+**OS:** macOS (Darwin 25.3.0), arm64
+**Date:** March 15th, 2026
+**Gin Version:** v1.12.0
+**Go Version:** 1.25.8 darwin/arm64
 **Source:** [Go HTTP Router Benchmark](https://github.com/gin-gonic/go-http-routing-benchmark)
-**Result:** [See the gist](https://gist.github.com/appleboy/b5f2ecfaf50824ae9c64dcfb9165ae5e) or [Travis result](https://travis-ci.org/github/gin-gonic/go-http-routing-benchmark/jobs/682947061)
 
-## Static Routes: 157
+---
 
-```sh
-Gin: 34936 Bytes
+## Table of Contents
 
-HttpServeMux: 14512 Bytes
-Ace: 30680 Bytes
-Aero: 34536 Bytes
-Bear: 30456 Bytes
-Beego: 98456 Bytes
-Bone: 40224 Bytes
-Chi: 83608 Bytes
-Denco: 10216 Bytes
-Echo: 80328 Bytes
-GocraftWeb: 55288 Bytes
-Goji: 29744 Bytes
-Gojiv2: 105840 Bytes
-GoJsonRest: 137496 Bytes
-GoRestful: 816936 Bytes
-GorillaMux: 585632 Bytes
-GowwwRouter: 24968 Bytes
-HttpRouter: 21712 Bytes
-HttpTreeMux: 73448 Bytes
-Kocha: 115472 Bytes
-LARS: 30640 Bytes
-Macaron: 38592 Bytes
-Martini: 310864 Bytes
-Pat: 19696 Bytes
-Possum: 89920 Bytes
-R2router: 23712 Bytes
-Rivet: 24608 Bytes
-Tango: 28264 Bytes
-TigerTonic: 78768 Bytes
-Traffic: 538976 Bytes
-Vulcan: 369960 Bytes
-```
+- [Summary](#summary)
+- [Memory Consumption](#memory-consumption)
+- [Benchmark Results](#benchmark-results)
+  - [GitHub API (203 routes)](#github-api-203-routes)
+  - [Google+ API (13 routes)](#google-api-13-routes)
+  - [Parse API (26 routes)](#parse-api-26-routes)
+  - [Static Routes (157 routes)](#static-routes-157-routes)
+- [Micro Benchmarks](#micro-benchmarks)
+  - [Single Param](#single-param)
+  - [5 Params](#5-params)
+  - [20 Params](#20-params)
+  - [Param Write](#param-write)
 
-## GithubAPI Routes: 203
+---
 
-```sh
-Gin: 58512 Bytes
+## Summary
 
-Ace: 48688 Bytes
-Aero: 318568 Bytes
-Bear: 84248 Bytes
-Beego: 150936 Bytes
-Bone: 100976 Bytes
-Chi: 95112 Bytes
-Denco: 36736 Bytes
-Echo: 100296 Bytes
-GocraftWeb: 95432 Bytes
-Goji: 49680 Bytes
-Gojiv2: 104704 Bytes
-GoJsonRest: 141976 Bytes
-GoRestful: 1241656 Bytes
-GorillaMux: 1322784 Bytes
-GowwwRouter: 80008 Bytes
-HttpRouter: 37144 Bytes
-HttpTreeMux: 78800 Bytes
-Kocha: 785120 Bytes
-LARS: 48600 Bytes
-Macaron: 92784 Bytes
-Martini: 485264 Bytes
-Pat: 21200 Bytes
-Possum: 85312 Bytes
-R2router: 47104 Bytes
-Rivet: 42840 Bytes
-Tango: 54840 Bytes
-TigerTonic: 95264 Bytes
-Traffic: 921744 Bytes
-Vulcan: 425992 Bytes
-```
+The table below ranks all routers by **GitHub API throughput** (203 routes, all methods), which best represents real-world routing workloads. _Lower ns/op is better._
 
-## GPlusAPI Routes: 13
+| Rank | Router        |     ns/op |      B/op | allocs/op |     Zero-alloc     |
+| :--: | :------------ | --------: | --------: | --------: | :----------------: |
+|  1   | **Gin**       |     9,944 |         0 |         0 | :white_check_mark: |
+|  2   | **BunRouter** |    10,281 |         0 |         0 | :white_check_mark: |
+|  3   | **Echo**      |    11,072 |         0 |         0 | :white_check_mark: |
+|  4   | HttpRouter    |    15,059 |    13,792 |       167 |                    |
+|  5   | HttpTreeMux   |    49,302 |    65,856 |       671 |                    |
+|  6   | Chi           |    94,376 |   130,817 |       740 |                    |
+|  7   | Beego         |   101,941 |    71,456 |       609 |                    |
+|  8   | Fiber         |   109,148 |         0 |         0 | :white_check_mark: |
+|  9   | Macaron       |   121,785 |   147,784 |     1,624 |                    |
+|  10  | Goji v2       |   242,849 |   313,744 |     3,712 |                    |
+|  11  | GoRestful     |   885,678 | 1,006,744 |     3,009 |                    |
+|  12  | GorillaMux    | 1,316,844 |   225,667 |     1,588 |                    |
 
-```sh
-Gin: 4384 Bytes
+**Key takeaways:**
 
-Ace: 3712 Bytes
-Aero: 26056 Bytes
-Bear: 7112 Bytes
-Beego: 10272 Bytes
-Bone: 6688 Bytes
-Chi: 8024 Bytes
-Denco: 3264 Bytes
-Echo: 9688 Bytes
-GocraftWeb: 7496 Bytes
-Goji: 3152 Bytes
-Gojiv2: 7376 Bytes
-GoJsonRest: 11400 Bytes
-GoRestful: 74328 Bytes
-GorillaMux: 66208 Bytes
-GowwwRouter: 5744 Bytes
-HttpRouter: 2808 Bytes
-HttpTreeMux: 7440 Bytes
-Kocha: 128880 Bytes
-LARS: 3656 Bytes
-Macaron: 8656 Bytes
-Martini: 23920 Bytes
-Pat: 1856 Bytes
-Possum: 7248 Bytes
-R2router: 3928 Bytes
-Rivet: 3064 Bytes
-Tango: 5168 Bytes
-TigerTonic: 9408 Bytes
-Traffic: 46400 Bytes
-Vulcan: 25544 Bytes
-```
+- **Gin**, **BunRouter**, and **Echo** form the top tier — all achieve zero heap allocations and route the full GitHub API in ~10 us.
+- **HttpRouter** remains extremely fast but incurs 1 alloc per parameterized route (167 allocs for 203 routes).
+- **Fiber** also achieves zero allocations, but its fasthttp-based benchmark infrastructure adds per-iteration reset overhead — do not compare its absolute ns/op directly with net/http routers.
+- **GorillaMux** and **GoRestful** are feature-rich but orders of magnitude slower, making them less suitable for latency-sensitive applications.
 
-## ParseAPI Routes: 26
+> **Fiber caveat:** Fiber benchmarks use `fasthttp.RequestCtx` with per-iteration Reset, which adds constant overhead not present in net/http benchmarks. Fiber-vs-Fiber comparisons are valid; cross-framework comparisons should be interpreted with care.
 
-```sh
-Gin: 7776 Bytes
+---
 
-Ace: 6704 Bytes
-Aero: 28488 Bytes
-Bear: 12320 Bytes
-Beego: 19280 Bytes
-Bone: 11440 Bytes
-Chi: 9744 Bytes
-Denco: 4192 Bytes
-Echo: 11664 Bytes
-GocraftWeb: 12800 Bytes
-Goji: 5680 Bytes
-Gojiv2: 14464 Bytes
-GoJsonRest: 14072 Bytes
-GoRestful: 116264 Bytes
-GorillaMux: 105880 Bytes
-GowwwRouter: 9344 Bytes
-HttpRouter: 5072 Bytes
-HttpTreeMux: 7848 Bytes
-Kocha: 181712 Bytes
-LARS: 6632 Bytes
-Macaron: 13648 Bytes
-Martini: 45888 Bytes
-Pat: 2560 Bytes
-Possum: 9200 Bytes
-R2router: 7056 Bytes
-Rivet: 5680 Bytes
-Tango: 8920 Bytes
-TigerTonic: 9840 Bytes
-Traffic: 79096 Bytes
-Vulcan: 44504 Bytes
-```
+## Memory Consumption
 
-## Static Routes
+Memory required for loading the routing structure (lower is better). Sorted by bytes ascending.
 
-```sh
-BenchmarkGin_StaticAll                   62169         19319 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
+### Static Routes: 157
 
-BenchmarkAce_StaticAll                   65428         18313 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_StaticAll                 121132          9632 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpServeMux_StaticAll          52626         22758 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_StaticAll                  9962        179058 ns/op       55264 B/op         471 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_StaticAll                  14894         80966 ns/op       20272 B/op         469 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_StaticAll                  18718         64065 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_StaticAll                   10000        149827 ns/op       67824 B/op         471 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_StaticAll                211393          5680 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_StaticAll                  49341         24343 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_StaticAll            10000        126209 ns/op       46312 B/op         785 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_StaticAll                  27956         43174 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_StaticAll                 3430        370718 ns/op      205984 B/op        1570 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_StaticAll             9134        188888 ns/op       51653 B/op        1727 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_StaticAll               706       1703330 ns/op      613280 B/op        2053 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_StaticAll             1268        924083 ns/op      153233 B/op        1413 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_StaticAll           63374         18935 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_StaticAll           109938         10902 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_StaticAll          109166         10861 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_StaticAll                 92258         12992 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_StaticAll                  65200         18387 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_StaticAll                5671        291501 ns/op      115553 B/op        1256 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_StaticAll                 807       1460498 ns/op      125444 B/op        1717 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_StaticAll                     513       2342396 ns/op      602832 B/op       12559 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_StaticAll                10000        128270 ns/op       65312 B/op         471 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_StaticAll              16726         71760 ns/op       22608 B/op         628 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_StaticAll                 41722         28723 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_StaticAll                  7606        205082 ns/op       39209 B/op        1256 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_StaticAll            26247         45806 ns/op        7376 B/op         157 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_StaticAll                 550       2284518 ns/op      754864 B/op       14601 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_StaticAll                10000        131343 ns/op       15386 B/op         471 allocs/op
-```
+| Router         |      Bytes |
+| :------------- | ---------: |
+| **HttpRouter** | **21,680** |
+| **Gin**        | **34,408** |
+| **Macaron**    | **36,976** |
+| BunRouter      |     51,232 |
+| Fiber          |     59,248 |
+| HttpServeMux   |     71,728 |
+| HttpTreeMux    |     73,448 |
+| Chi            |     83,160 |
+| Echo           |     91,976 |
+| Beego          |     98,824 |
+| Goji v2        |    117,952 |
+| GorillaMux     |    599,496 |
+| GoRestful      |    819,704 |
+
+### GitHub API Routes: 203
+
+| Router          |      Bytes |
+| :-------------- | ---------: |
+| **HttpRouter**  | **37,072** |
+| **Gin**         | **58,840** |
+| **HttpTreeMux** | **78,800** |
+| Macaron         |     90,632 |
+| BunRouter       |     93,776 |
+| Chi             |     94,888 |
+| Echo            |    117,784 |
+| Goji v2         |    118,640 |
+| Beego           |    150,840 |
+| Fiber           |    163,832 |
+| GoRestful       |  1,270,848 |
+| GorillaMux      |  1,319,696 |
+
+### Google+ API Routes: 13
+
+| Router         |     Bytes |
+| :------------- | --------: |
+| **HttpRouter** | **2,776** |
+| **Gin**        | **4,576** |
+| **BunRouter**  | **7,360** |
+| HttpTreeMux    |     7,440 |
+| Chi            |     8,008 |
+| Goji v2        |     8,096 |
+| Macaron        |     8,672 |
+| Beego          |    10,256 |
+| Fiber          |    10,840 |
+| Echo           |    10,968 |
+| GorillaMux     |    68,000 |
+| GoRestful      |    72,536 |
+
+### Parse API Routes: 26
+
+| Router          |     Bytes |
+| :-------------- | --------: |
+| **HttpRouter**  | **5,024** |
+| **Gin**         | **7,896** |
+| **HttpTreeMux** | **7,848** |
+| BunRouter       |     9,336 |
+| Chi             |     9,656 |
+| Echo            |    13,816 |
+| Macaron         |    13,704 |
+| Fiber           |    15,352 |
+| Goji v2         |    16,064 |
+| Beego           |    19,256 |
+| GorillaMux      |   105,384 |
+| GoRestful       |   121,200 |
+
+---
+
+## Benchmark Results
+
+### GitHub API (203 routes)
+
+Routing all 203 GitHub API endpoints per operation.
+
+| Rank | Router        |     ns/op |      B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :------------ | --------: | --------: | --------: |
+|  1   | **Gin**       |     9,944 |         0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **BunRouter** |    10,281 |         0 |         0 |
+|  3   | **Echo**      |    11,072 |         0 |         0 |
+|  4   | HttpRouter    |    15,059 |    13,792 |       167 |
+|  5   | HttpTreeMux   |    49,302 |    65,856 |       671 |
+|  6   | Chi           |    94,376 |   130,817 |       740 |
+|  7   | Beego         |   101,941 |    71,456 |       609 |
+|  8   | Fiber         |   109,148 |         0 |         0 |
+|  9   | Macaron       |   121,785 |   147,784 |     1,624 |
+|  10  | Goji v2       |   242,849 |   313,744 |     3,712 |
+|  11  | GoRestful     |   885,678 | 1,006,744 |     3,009 |
+|  12  | GorillaMux    | 1,316,844 |   225,667 |     1,588 |
+
+### Google+ API (13 routes)
+
+Routing all 13 Google+ API endpoints per operation.
+
+| Rank | Router        |  ns/op |   B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :------------ | -----: | -----: | --------: |
+|  1   | **BunRouter** |  348.5 |      0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **Gin**       |  429.7 |      0 |         0 |
+|  3   | **Echo**      |  451.1 |      0 |         0 |
+|  4   | HttpRouter    |  668.6 |    640 |        11 |
+|  5   | HttpTreeMux   |  2,428 |  4,032 |        38 |
+|  6   | Fiber         |  2,506 |      0 |         0 |
+|  7   | Chi           |  5,333 |  8,480 |        48 |
+|  8   | Beego         |  5,927 |  4,576 |        39 |
+|  9   | Macaron       |  7,294 |  9,464 |       104 |
+|  10  | Goji v2       |  8,000 | 15,120 |       115 |
+|  11  | GorillaMux    | 14,707 | 14,448 |       102 |
+|  12  | GoRestful     | 24,189 | 60,720 |       193 |
+
+### Parse API (26 routes)
+
+Routing all 26 Parse API endpoints per operation.
+
+| Rank | Router        |  ns/op |    B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :------------ | -----: | ------: | --------: |
+|  1   | **BunRouter** |  588.2 |       0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **Gin**       |  712.1 |       0 |         0 |
+|  3   | **Echo**      |  742.1 |       0 |         0 |
+|  4   | HttpRouter    |  948.5 |     640 |        16 |
+|  5   | HttpTreeMux   |  3,372 |   5,728 |        51 |
+|  6   | Fiber         |  4,250 |       0 |         0 |
+|  7   | Chi           |  8,863 |  14,944 |        84 |
+|  8   | Beego         | 10,541 |   9,152 |        78 |
+|  9   | Macaron       | 13,635 |  18,928 |       208 |
+|  10  | Goji v2       | 13,264 |  29,456 |       199 |
+|  11  | GorillaMux    | 25,886 |  26,960 |       198 |
+|  12  | GoRestful     | 54,780 | 131,728 |       380 |
+
+### Static Routes (157 routes)
+
+Routing all 157 static routes per operation. Includes http.ServeMux as baseline.
+
+| Rank | Router          |   ns/op |    B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :-------------- | ------: | ------: | --------: |
+|  1   | **HttpRouter**  |   4,177 |       0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **HttpTreeMux** |   5,363 |       0 |         0 |
+|  3   | **Gin**         |   5,528 |       0 |         0 |
+|  4   | BunRouter       |   5,997 |       0 |         0 |
+|  5   | Echo            |   6,897 |       0 |         0 |
+|  —   | HttpServeMux    |  18,172 |       0 |         0 |
+|  6   | Fiber           |  29,310 |       0 |         0 |
+|  7   | Chi             |  41,317 |  57,776 |       314 |
+|  8   | Beego           |  68,255 |  55,264 |       471 |
+|  9   | Macaron         |  81,824 | 114,296 |     1,256 |
+|  10  | Goji v2         |  84,459 | 175,840 |     1,099 |
+|  11  | GorillaMux      | 302,825 | 133,137 |     1,099 |
+|  12  | GoRestful       | 436,510 | 677,824 |     2,193 |
+
+---
 
 ## Micro Benchmarks
 
-```sh
-BenchmarkGin_Param                    18785022          63.9 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
+### Single Param
 
-BenchmarkAce_Param                    14689765          81.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_Param                   23094770          51.2 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_Param                    1417045           845 ns/op         456 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_Param                   1000000          1080 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_Param                    1000000          1463 ns/op         816 B/op           6 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_Param                     1378756           885 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_Param                   8557899           143 ns/op          32 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_Param                   16433347          75.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_Param              1000000          1218 ns/op         648 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_Param                    1921248           617 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_Param                   561848          2156 ns/op        1328 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_Param              1000000          1358 ns/op         649 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_Param                224857          5307 ns/op        4192 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_Param               498313          2459 ns/op        1280 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_Param             1864354           654 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_Param             26269074          47.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_Param             2109829           557 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_Param                   5050216           243 ns/op          56 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_Param                   19811712          59.9 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_Param                  662746          2329 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_Param                  279902          4260 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_Param                     1000000          1382 ns/op         536 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_Param                  1000000          1014 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_Param                1712559           707 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_Param                   6648086           182 ns/op          48 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_Param                   1221504           994 ns/op         248 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_Param               891661          2261 ns/op         776 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_Param                  350059          3598 ns/op        1856 B/op          21 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_Param                  2517823           472 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_Param5                    9214365           130 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_Param5                  15369013          77.9 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_Param5                   1000000          1113 ns/op         501 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_Param5                  1000000          1269 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_Param5                    986820          1873 ns/op         864 B/op           6 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_Param5                    1000000          1156 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_Param5                  3036331           400 ns/op         160 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_Param5                   6447133           186 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_Param5                   10786068           110 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_Param5              844820          1944 ns/op         920 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_Param5                   1474965           827 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_Param5                  442820          2516 ns/op        1392 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_Param5              507555          2711 ns/op        1097 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_Param5               216481          6093 ns/op        4288 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_Param5              314402          3628 ns/op        1344 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_Param5            1624660           733 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_Param5            13167324          92.0 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_Param5            1000000          1295 ns/op         576 B/op           6 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_Param5                  1000000          1138 ns/op         440 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_Param5                  11580613           105 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_Param5                 473596          2755 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_Param5                 230756          5111 ns/op        1232 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_Param5                     469190          3370 ns/op         888 B/op          29 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_Param5                 1000000          1002 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_Param5               1422129           844 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_Param5                  2263789           539 ns/op         240 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_Param5                  1000000          1256 ns/op         360 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_Param5              175500          7492 ns/op        2279 B/op          39 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_Param5                 233631          5816 ns/op        2208 B/op          27 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_Param5                 1923416           629 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_Param20                   4321266           281 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_Param20                 31501641          35.2 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_Param20                   335204          3489 ns/op        1665 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_Param20                  503674          2860 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_Param20                   298922          4741 ns/op        2031 B/op           6 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_Param20                    878181          1957 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_Param20                 1000000          1360 ns/op         640 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_Param20                  2104946           580 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_Param20                   4167204           290 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_Param20             173064          7514 ns/op        3796 B/op          15 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_Param20                   458778          2651 ns/op        1247 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_Param20                 364862          3178 ns/op        1632 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_Param20             125514          9760 ns/op        4485 B/op          20 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_Param20              101217         11964 ns/op        6715 B/op          18 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_Param20             147654          8132 ns/op        3452 B/op          12 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_Param20           1000000          1225 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_Param20            4920895           247 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_Param20            173202          6605 ns/op        3196 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_Param20                  345988          3620 ns/op        1808 B/op          27 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_Param20                  4592326           262 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_Param20                166492          7286 ns/op        2924 B/op          12 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_Param20                122162         10653 ns/op        3595 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_Param20                     78630         15239 ns/op        4424 B/op          93 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_Param20                1000000          1008 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_Param20               294981          4587 ns/op        2284 B/op           7 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_Param20                  691798          2090 ns/op        1024 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_Param20                  842440          2505 ns/op         856 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_Param20              38614         31509 ns/op        9870 B/op         119 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_Param20                 57633         21107 ns/op        7853 B/op          47 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_Param20                1000000          1178 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_ParamWrite                7330743           180 ns/op           8 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_ParamWrite              13833598          86.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_ParamWrite               1363321           867 ns/op         456 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_ParamWrite              1000000          1104 ns/op         360 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_ParamWrite               1000000          1475 ns/op         816 B/op           6 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_ParamWrite                1320590           892 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_ParamWrite              7093605           172 ns/op          32 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_ParamWrite               8434424           161 ns/op           8 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_ParamWrite               10377034           118 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_ParamWrite         1000000          1266 ns/op         656 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_ParamWrite               1874168           654 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_ParamWrite              459032          2352 ns/op        1360 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_ParamWrite          499434          2145 ns/op        1128 B/op          18 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_ParamWrite           241087          5470 ns/op        4200 B/op          15 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_ParamWrite          425686          2522 ns/op        1280 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_ParamWrite         922172          1778 ns/op         976 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_ParamWrite        15392049          77.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_ParamWrite        1973385           597 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_ParamWrite              4262500           281 ns/op          56 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_ParamWrite              10764410           113 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_ParamWrite             486769          2726 ns/op        1176 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_ParamWrite             264804          4842 ns/op        1176 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_ParamWrite                 735116          2047 ns/op         960 B/op          15 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_ParamWrite             1000000          1004 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_ParamWrite           1592136           768 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_ParamWrite              3582051           339 ns/op         112 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_ParamWrite              2237337           534 ns/op         136 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_ParamWrite          439608          3136 ns/op        1216 B/op          21 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_ParamWrite             306979          4328 ns/op        2280 B/op          25 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_ParamWrite             2529973           472 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-```
+Route: `/user/:name` — Request: `GET /user/gordon`
 
-## GitHub
+| Rank | Router        | ns/op |  B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :------------ | ----: | ----: | --------: |
+|  1   | **BunRouter** | 12.22 |     0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **Echo**      | 17.75 |     0 |         0 |
+|  3   | **Gin**       | 23.31 |     0 |         0 |
+|  4   | HttpRouter    | 31.88 |    32 |         1 |
+|  5   | Fiber         | 114.4 |     0 |         0 |
+|  6   | HttpTreeMux   | 165.0 |   352 |         3 |
+|  7   | Chi           | 332.2 |   704 |         4 |
+|  8   | Beego         | 348.8 |   352 |         3 |
+|  9   | Goji v2       | 494.3 | 1,136 |         8 |
+|  10  | GorillaMux    | 630.6 | 1,152 |         8 |
+|  11  | Macaron       | 708.0 | 1,064 |        10 |
+|  12  | GoRestful     | 1,394 | 4,600 |        15 |
 
-```sh
-BenchmarkGin_GithubStatic             15629472          76.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
+### 5 Params
 
-BenchmarkAce_GithubStatic             15542612          75.9 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_GithubStatic            24777151          48.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_GithubStatic             2788894           435 ns/op         120 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_GithubStatic            1000000          1064 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_GithubStatic               93507         12838 ns/op        2880 B/op          60 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_GithubStatic              1387743           860 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_GithubStatic           39384996          30.4 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_GithubStatic            12076382          99.1 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GithubStatic       1596495           756 ns/op         296 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_GithubStatic             6364876           189 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_GithubStatic            550202          2098 ns/op        1312 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_GithubStatic         102183         12552 ns/op        4256 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GithubStatic       1000000          1029 ns/op         329 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_GithubStatic        255552          5190 ns/op         976 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GithubStatic     15531916          77.1 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_GithubStatic      27920724          43.1 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GithubStatic     21448953          55.8 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_GithubStatic           21405310          56.0 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_GithubStatic            13625156          89.0 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_GithubStatic          1000000          1747 ns/op         736 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_GithubStatic           187186          7326 ns/op         768 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_GithubStatic               109143         11563 ns/op        3648 B/op          76 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_GithubStatic           1575898           770 ns/op         416 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_GithubStatic         3046231           404 ns/op         144 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_GithubStatic           11484826           105 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_GithubStatic            1000000          1153 ns/op         248 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_GithubStatic       4929780           249 ns/op          48 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_GithubStatic           106351         11819 ns/op        4664 B/op          90 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_GithubStatic           1613271           722 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_GithubParam               8386032           143 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_GithubParam             11816200           102 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_GithubParam              1000000          1012 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_GithubParam             1000000          1157 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_GithubParam               184653          6912 ns/op        1888 B/op          19 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_GithubParam               1000000          1102 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_GithubParam             3484798           352 ns/op         128 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_GithubParam              6337380           189 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_GithubParam               9132032           131 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GithubParam        1000000          1446 ns/op         712 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_GithubParam              1248640           977 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_GithubParam             383233          2784 ns/op        1408 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GithubParam        1000000          1991 ns/op         713 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_GithubParam           76414         16015 ns/op        4352 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_GithubParam         150026          7663 ns/op        1296 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GithubParam       1592044           751 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_GithubParam       10420628           115 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GithubParam       1403755           835 ns/op         384 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_GithubParam             2286170           533 ns/op         128 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_GithubParam              9540374           129 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_GithubParam            533154          2742 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_GithubParam            119397          9638 ns/op        1152 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_GithubParam                150675          8858 ns/op        2408 B/op          48 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_GithubParam            1000000          1001 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_GithubParam          1602886           761 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_GithubParam             2986579           409 ns/op          96 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_GithubParam             1000000          1356 ns/op         344 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_GithubParam         388899          3429 ns/op        1176 B/op          22 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_GithubParam            123160          9734 ns/op        2816 B/op          40 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_GithubParam            1000000          1138 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_GithubAll                   40543         29670 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_GithubAll                  57632         20648 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_GithubAll                   9234        216179 ns/op       86448 B/op         943 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_GithubAll                  7407        243496 ns/op       71456 B/op         609 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_GithubAll                    420       2922835 ns/op      720160 B/op        8620 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_GithubAll                    7620        238331 ns/op       87696 B/op         609 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_GithubAll                 18355         64494 ns/op       20224 B/op         167 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_GithubAll                  31251         38479 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_GithubAll                   43550         27364 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GithubAll             4117        300062 ns/op      131656 B/op        1686 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_GithubAll                   3274        416158 ns/op       56112 B/op         334 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_GithubAll                 1402        870518 ns/op      352720 B/op        4321 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GithubAll             2976        401507 ns/op      134371 B/op        2737 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_GithubAll               410       2913158 ns/op      910144 B/op        2938 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_GithubAll              346       3384987 ns/op      251650 B/op        1994 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GithubAll           10000        143025 ns/op       72144 B/op         501 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_GithubAll            55938         21360 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GithubAll           10000        153944 ns/op       65856 B/op         671 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_GithubAll                 10000        106315 ns/op       23304 B/op         843 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_GithubAll                  47779         25084 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_GithubAll                3266        371907 ns/op      149409 B/op        1624 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_GithubAll                 331       3444706 ns/op      226551 B/op        2325 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_GithubAll                     273       4381818 ns/op     1483152 B/op       26963 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_GithubAll                10000        164367 ns/op       84448 B/op         609 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_GithubAll              10000        160220 ns/op       77328 B/op         979 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_GithubAll                 14625         82453 ns/op       16272 B/op         167 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_GithubAll                  6255        279611 ns/op       63826 B/op        1618 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_GithubAll             2008        687874 ns/op      193856 B/op        4474 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_GithubAll                 355       3478508 ns/op      820744 B/op       14114 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_GithubAll                 6885        193333 ns/op       19894 B/op         609 allocs/op
-```
+Route: `/:a/:b/:c/:d/:e` — Request: `GET /test/test/test/test/test`
 
-## Google+
+| Rank | Router        | ns/op |  B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :------------ | ----: | ----: | --------: |
+|  1   | **BunRouter** | 41.86 |     0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **Echo**      | 43.76 |     0 |         0 |
+|  3   | **Gin**       | 44.20 |     0 |         0 |
+|  4   | HttpRouter    | 83.74 |   160 |         1 |
+|  5   | Fiber         | 271.6 |     0 |         0 |
+|  6   | HttpTreeMux   | 358.8 |   576 |         6 |
+|  7   | Chi           | 453.7 |   704 |         4 |
+|  8   | Beego         | 480.3 |   352 |         3 |
+|  9   | Goji v2       | 532.4 | 1,200 |         8 |
+|  10  | Macaron       | 799.7 | 1,064 |        10 |
+|  11  | GorillaMux    | 972.6 | 1,216 |         8 |
+|  12  | GoRestful     | 1,579 | 4,712 |        15 |
 
-```sh
-BenchmarkGin_GPlusStatic              19247326          62.2 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
+### 20 Params
 
-BenchmarkAce_GPlusStatic              20235060          59.2 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_GPlusStatic             31978935          37.6 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_GPlusStatic              3516523           341 ns/op         104 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_GPlusStatic             1212036           991 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_GPlusStatic              6736242           183 ns/op          32 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_GPlusStatic               1490640           814 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_GPlusStatic            55006856          21.8 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_GPlusStatic             17688258          67.9 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GPlusStatic        1829181           666 ns/op         280 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_GPlusStatic              9147451           130 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_GPlusStatic             594015          2063 ns/op        1312 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GPlusStatic        1264906           950 ns/op         329 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_GPlusStatic          231558          5341 ns/op        3872 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_GPlusStatic         908418          1809 ns/op         976 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GPlusStatic      40684604          29.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_GPlusStatic       46742804          25.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GPlusStatic      32567161          36.9 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_GPlusStatic            33800060          35.3 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_GPlusStatic             20431858          60.0 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_GPlusStatic           1000000          1745 ns/op         736 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_GPlusStatic            442248          3619 ns/op         768 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_GPlusStatic               4328004           292 ns/op          96 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_GPlusStatic            1570753           763 ns/op         416 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_GPlusStatic          3339474           355 ns/op         144 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_GPlusStatic            18570961          64.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_GPlusStatic             1388702           860 ns/op         200 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_GPlusStatic        7803543           159 ns/op          32 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_GPlusStatic            878605          2171 ns/op        1112 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_GPlusStatic            2742446           437 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_GPlusParam               11626975           105 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_GPlusParam              16914322          71.6 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_GPlusParam               1405173           832 ns/op         480 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_GPlusParam              1000000          1075 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_GPlusParam               1000000          1557 ns/op         816 B/op           6 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_GPlusParam                1347926           894 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_GPlusParam              5513000           212 ns/op          64 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_GPlusParam              11884383           101 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_GPlusParam               12898952          93.1 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GPlusParam         1000000          1194 ns/op         648 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_GPlusParam               1857229           645 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_GPlusParam              520939          2322 ns/op        1328 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GPlusParam         1000000          1536 ns/op         649 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_GPlusParam           205449          5800 ns/op        4192 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_GPlusParam          395310          3188 ns/op        1280 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GPlusParam        1851798           667 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_GPlusParam        18420789          65.2 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GPlusParam        1878463           629 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_GPlusParam              4495610           273 ns/op          56 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_GPlusParam              14615976          83.2 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_GPlusParam             584145          2549 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_GPlusParam             250501          4583 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_GPlusParam                1000000          1645 ns/op         576 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_GPlusParam             1000000          1008 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_GPlusParam           1708191           688 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_GPlusParam              5795014           211 ns/op          48 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_GPlusParam              1000000          1091 ns/op         264 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_GPlusParam          760221          2489 ns/op         856 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_GPlusParam             309774          4039 ns/op        1872 B/op          21 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_GPlusParam             1935730           623 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_GPlus2Params              9158314           134 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_GPlus2Params            11300517           107 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_GPlus2Params             1239238           961 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_GPlus2Params            1000000          1202 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_GPlus2Params              335576          3725 ns/op        1168 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_GPlus2Params              1000000          1014 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_GPlus2Params            4394598           280 ns/op          64 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_GPlus2Params             7851861           154 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_GPlus2Params              9958588           120 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GPlus2Params       1000000          1433 ns/op         712 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_GPlus2Params             1325134           909 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_GPlus2Params            405955          2870 ns/op        1408 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GPlus2Params        977038          1987 ns/op         713 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_GPlus2Params         205018          6142 ns/op        4384 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_GPlus2Params        205641          6015 ns/op        1296 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GPlus2Params      1748542           684 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_GPlus2Params      14047102          87.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GPlus2Params      1418673           828 ns/op         384 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_GPlus2Params            2334562           520 ns/op         128 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_GPlus2Params            11954094           101 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_GPlus2Params           491552          2890 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_GPlus2Params           120532          9545 ns/op        1200 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_GPlus2Params               194739          6766 ns/op        2168 B/op          33 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_GPlus2Params           1201224          1009 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_GPlus2Params         1575535           756 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_GPlus2Params            3698930           325 ns/op          96 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_GPlus2Params            1000000          1212 ns/op         344 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_GPlus2Params        349350          3660 ns/op        1200 B/op          22 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_GPlus2Params           169714          7862 ns/op        2248 B/op          28 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_GPlus2Params           1222288           974 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_GPlusAll                   845606          1398 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_GPlusAll                 1000000          1009 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_GPlusAll                  103830         11386 ns/op        5488 B/op          61 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_GPlusAll                  82653         14784 ns/op        4576 B/op          39 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_GPlusAll                   36601         33123 ns/op       11744 B/op         109 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_GPlusAll                    95264         12831 ns/op        5616 B/op          39 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_GPlusAll                 567681          2950 ns/op         672 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_GPlusAll                  720366          1665 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_GPlusAll                  1000000          1185 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GPlusAll             71575         16365 ns/op        8040 B/op         103 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_GPlusAll                  136352          9191 ns/op        3696 B/op          22 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_GPlusAll                 38006         31802 ns/op       17616 B/op         154 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GPlusAll             57238         21561 ns/op        8117 B/op         170 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_GPlusAll              15147         79276 ns/op       55520 B/op         192 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_GPlusAll             24446         48410 ns/op       16112 B/op         128 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GPlusAll           150112          7770 ns/op        4752 B/op          33 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_GPlusAll           1367820           878 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GPlusAll           166628          8004 ns/op        4032 B/op          38 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_GPlusAll                 265694          4570 ns/op         976 B/op          43 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_GPlusAll                 1000000          1068 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_GPlusAll                54564         23305 ns/op        9568 B/op         104 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_GPlusAll                16274         73845 ns/op       14016 B/op         145 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_GPlusAll                    27181         44478 ns/op       15264 B/op         271 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_GPlusAll                122587         10277 ns/op        5408 B/op          39 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_GPlusAll              130137          9297 ns/op        5040 B/op          63 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_GPlusAll                 532438          3323 ns/op         768 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_GPlusAll                  86054         14531 ns/op        3656 B/op         104 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_GPlusAll             33936         35356 ns/op       11600 B/op         242 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_GPlusAll                17833         68181 ns/op       26248 B/op         341 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_GPlusAll                120109          9861 ns/op        1274 B/op          39 allocs/op
-```
+Route: `/:a/:b/.../:t` (20 segments) — Request: `GET /a/b/.../t`
 
-## Parse.com
+| Rank | Router        | ns/op |  B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :------------ | ----: | ----: | --------: |
+|  1   | **Gin**       | 121.7 |     0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **Echo**      | 127.5 |     0 |         0 |
+|  3   | **BunRouter** | 211.4 |     0 |         0 |
+|  4   | HttpRouter    | 290.2 |   704 |         1 |
+|  5   | Fiber         | 466.1 |     0 |         0 |
+|  6   | Goji v2       | 745.3 | 1,440 |         8 |
+|  7   | Beego         | 1,099 |   352 |         3 |
+|  8   | Chi           | 1,805 | 2,504 |         9 |
+|  9   | HttpTreeMux   | 1,857 | 3,144 |        13 |
+|  10  | Macaron       | 2,058 | 2,864 |        15 |
+|  11  | GorillaMux    | 2,223 | 3,272 |        13 |
+|  12  | GoRestful     | 3,337 | 7,008 |        20 |
 
-```sh
-BenchmarkGin_ParseStatic              18877833          63.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
+### Param Write
 
-BenchmarkAce_ParseStatic              19663731          60.8 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_ParseStatic             28967341          41.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_ParseStatic              3006984           402 ns/op         120 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_ParseStatic             1000000          1031 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_ParseStatic              1782482           675 ns/op         144 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_ParseStatic               1453261           819 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_ParseStatic            45023595          26.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_ParseStatic             17330470          69.3 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_ParseStatic        1644006           731 ns/op         296 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_ParseStatic              7026930           170 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_ParseStatic             517618          2037 ns/op        1312 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_ParseStatic        1227080           975 ns/op         329 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_ParseStatic          192458          6659 ns/op        4256 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_ParseStatic         744062          2109 ns/op         976 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_ParseStatic      37781062          31.8 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_ParseStatic       45311223          26.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_ParseStatic      21383475          56.1 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_ParseStatic            29953290          40.1 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_ParseStatic             20036196          62.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_ParseStatic           1000000          1740 ns/op         736 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_ParseStatic            404156          3801 ns/op         768 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_ParseStatic               1547180           772 ns/op         240 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_ParseStatic            1608991           757 ns/op         416 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_ParseStatic          3177936           385 ns/op         144 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_ParseStatic            17783205          67.4 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_ParseStatic             1210777           990 ns/op         248 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_ParseStatic        5316440           231 ns/op          48 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_ParseStatic            496050          2539 ns/op        1256 B/op          19 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_ParseStatic            2462798           488 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_ParseParam               13393669          89.6 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_ParseParam              19836619          60.4 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_ParseParam               1405954           864 ns/op         467 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_ParseParam              1000000          1065 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_ParseParam               1000000          1698 ns/op         896 B/op           7 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_ParseParam                1356037           873 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_ParseParam              6241392           204 ns/op          64 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_ParseParam              14088100          85.1 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_ParseParam               17426064          68.9 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_ParseParam         1000000          1254 ns/op         664 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_ParseParam               1682574           713 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_ParseParam              502224          2333 ns/op        1360 B/op          12 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_ParseParam         1000000          1401 ns/op         649 B/op          13 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_ParseParam           182623          7097 ns/op        4576 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_ParseParam          482332          2477 ns/op        1280 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_ParseParam        1834873           657 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_ParseParam        23593393          51.0 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_ParseParam        2100160           574 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_ParseParam              4837220           252 ns/op          56 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_ParseParam              18411192          66.2 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_ParseParam             571870          2398 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_ParseParam             286262          4268 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_ParseParam                 692906          2157 ns/op         992 B/op          15 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_ParseParam             1000000          1011 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_ParseParam           1722735           697 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_ParseParam              6058054           203 ns/op          48 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_ParseParam              1000000          1061 ns/op         280 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_ParseParam          890275          2277 ns/op         784 B/op          15 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_ParseParam             351322          3543 ns/op        1896 B/op          21 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_ParseParam             2076544           572 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_Parse2Params             11718074           101 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_Parse2Params            16264988          73.4 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_Parse2Params             1238322           973 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_Parse2Params            1000000          1120 ns/op         352 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_Parse2Params             1000000          1632 ns/op         848 B/op           6 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_Parse2Params              1239477           955 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_Parse2Params            4944133           245 ns/op          64 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_Parse2Params            10518286           114 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_Parse2Params             14505195          82.7 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_Parse2Params       1000000          1437 ns/op         712 B/op           9 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_Parse2Params             1689883           707 ns/op         336 B/op           2 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_Parse2Params            502334          2308 ns/op        1344 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_Parse2Params       1000000          1771 ns/op         713 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_Parse2Params         159092          7583 ns/op        4928 B/op          14 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_Parse2Params        417548          2980 ns/op        1296 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_Parse2Params      1751737           686 ns/op         432 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_Parse2Params      18089204          66.3 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_Parse2Params      1556986           777 ns/op         384 B/op           4 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_Parse2Params            2493082           485 ns/op         128 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_Parse2Params            15350108          78.5 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_Parse2Params           530974          2605 ns/op        1072 B/op          10 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_Parse2Params           247069          4673 ns/op        1152 B/op          11 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_Parse2Params               816295          2126 ns/op         752 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_Parse2Params           1000000          1002 ns/op         496 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_Parse2Params         1569771           733 ns/op         432 B/op           5 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_Parse2Params            4080546           295 ns/op          96 B/op           1 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_Parse2Params            1000000          1121 ns/op         312 B/op           8 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_Parse2Params        399556          3470 ns/op        1168 B/op          22 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_Parse2Params           314194          4159 ns/op        1944 B/op          22 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_Parse2Params           1827559           664 ns/op          98 B/op           3 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAce_ParseAll                   478395          2503 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkAero_ParseAll                  715392          1658 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBear_ParseAll                   59191         20124 ns/op        8928 B/op         110 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBeego_ParseAll                  45507         27266 ns/op        9152 B/op          78 allocs/op
-BenchmarkBone_ParseAll                   29328         41459 ns/op       16208 B/op         147 allocs/op
-BenchmarkChi_ParseAll                    48531         25053 ns/op       11232 B/op          78 allocs/op
-BenchmarkDenco_ParseAll                 325532          4284 ns/op         928 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkEcho_ParseAll                  433771          2759 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGin_ParseAll                   576316          2082 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGocraftWeb_ParseAll             41500         29692 ns/op       13728 B/op         181 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoji_ParseAll                   80833         15563 ns/op        5376 B/op          32 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGojiv2_ParseAll                 19836         60335 ns/op       34448 B/op         277 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoJsonRest_ParseAll             32210         38027 ns/op       13866 B/op         321 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGoRestful_ParseAll               6644        190842 ns/op      117600 B/op         354 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGorillaMux_ParseAll             12634         95894 ns/op       30288 B/op         250 allocs/op
-BenchmarkGowwwRouter_ParseAll            98152         12159 ns/op        6912 B/op          48 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpRouter_ParseAll            933208          1273 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_ParseAll           107191         11554 ns/op        5728 B/op          51 allocs/op
-BenchmarkKocha_ParseAll                 184862          6225 ns/op        1112 B/op          54 allocs/op
-BenchmarkLARS_ParseAll                  644546          1858 ns/op           0 B/op           0 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMacaron_ParseAll                26145         46484 ns/op       19136 B/op         208 allocs/op
-BenchmarkMartini_ParseAll                10000        121838 ns/op       25072 B/op         253 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPat_ParseAll                    25417         47196 ns/op       15216 B/op         308 allocs/op
-BenchmarkPossum_ParseAll                 58550         20735 ns/op       10816 B/op          78 allocs/op
-BenchmarkR2router_ParseAll               72732         16584 ns/op        8352 B/op         120 allocs/op
-BenchmarkRivet_ParseAll                 281365          4968 ns/op         912 B/op          16 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTango_ParseAll                  42831         28668 ns/op        7168 B/op         208 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTigerTonic_ParseAll             23774         49972 ns/op       16048 B/op         332 allocs/op
-BenchmarkTraffic_ParseAll                10000        104679 ns/op       45520 B/op         605 allocs/op
-BenchmarkVulcan_ParseAll                 64810         18108 ns/op        2548 B/op          78 allocs/op
-```
+Route: `/user/:name` with response write — Request: `GET /user/gordon`
+
+| Rank | Router        | ns/op |  B/op | allocs/op |
+| :--: | :------------ | ----: | ----: | --------: |
+|  1   | **BunRouter** | 25.86 |     0 |         0 |
+|  2   | **Gin**       | 27.65 |     0 |         0 |
+|  3   | HttpRouter    | 37.40 |    32 |         1 |
+|  4   | Echo          | 47.94 |     8 |         1 |
+|  5   | Fiber         | 125.7 |     0 |         0 |
+|  6   | HttpTreeMux   | 180.4 |   352 |         3 |
+|  7   | Chi           | 348.3 |   704 |         4 |
+|  8   | Beego         | 386.1 |   360 |         4 |
+|  9   | Goji v2       | 516.9 | 1,168 |        10 |
+|  10  | GorillaMux    | 665.5 | 1,152 |         8 |
+|  11  | Macaron       | 784.3 | 1,112 |        13 |
+|  12  | GoRestful     | 1,534 | 4,608 |        16 |

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,74 +1,123 @@
 # Gin ChangeLog
 
+## Gin v1.12.0
+
+### Features
+
+- feat(render): add bson protocol ([#4145](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4145))
+- feat(context): add GetError and GetErrorSlice methods for error retrieval ([#4502](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4502))
+- feat(binding): add support for encoding.UnmarshalText in uri/query binding ([#4203](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4203))
+- feat(gin): add option to use escaped path ([#4420](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4420))
+- feat(context): add Protocol Buffers support to content negotiation ([#4423](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4423))
+- feat(context): implemented Delete method ([#38e7651](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/commit/38e7651))
+- feat(logger): color latency ([#4146](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4146))
+
+### Enhancements
+
+- perf(tree): reduce allocations in findCaseInsensitivePath ([#4417](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4417))
+- perf(recovery): optimize line reading in stack function ([#4466](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4466))
+- perf(path): replace regex with custom functions in redirectTrailingSlash ([#4414](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4414))
+- perf(tree): optimize path parsing using strings.Count ([#4246](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4246))
+- chore(logger): allow skipping query string output ([#4547](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4547))
+- chore(context): always trust xff headers from unix socket ([#3359](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3359))
+- chore(response): prevent Flush() panic when the underlying ResponseWriter does not implement `http.Flusher` ([#4479](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4479))
+- refactor(recovery): smart error comparison ([#4142](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4142))
+- refactor(context): replace hardcoded localhost IPs with constants ([#4481](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4481))
+- refactor(utils): move util functions to utils.go ([#4467](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4467))
+- refactor(binding): use maps.Copy for cleaner map handling ([#4352](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4352))
+- refactor(context): using maps.Clone ([#4333](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4333))
+- refactor(ginS): use sync.OnceValue to simplify engine function ([#4314](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4314))
+- refactor: replace magic numbers with named constants in bodyAllowedForStatus ([#4529](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4529))
+- refactor: for loop can be modernized using range over int ([#4392](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4392))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- fix(tree): panic in findCaseInsensitivePathRec with RedirectFixedPath ([#4535](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4535))
+- fix(render): write content length in Data.Render ([#4206](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4206))
+- fix(context): ClientIP handling for multiple X-Forwarded-For header values ([#4472](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4472))
+- fix(binding): empty value error ([#2169](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2169))
+- fix(recover): suppress http.ErrAbortHandler in recover ([#4336](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4336))
+- fix(gin): literal colon routes not working with engine.Handler() ([#4415](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4415))
+- fix(gin): close os.File in RunFd to prevent resource leak ([#4422](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4422))
+- fix(response): refine hijack behavior for response lifecycle ([#4373](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4373))
+- fix(binding): improve empty slice/array handling in form binding ([#4380](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4380))
+- fix(debug): version mismatch ([#4403](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4403))
+- fix: correct typos, improve documentation clarity, and remove dead code ([#4511](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4511))
+
+### Build process updates / CI
+
+- ci: update Go version support to 1.25+ across CI and docs ([#4550](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4550))
+- chore(binding): upgrade bson dependency to mongo-driver v2 ([#4549](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4549))
+
 ## Gin v1.11.0
 
 ### Features
 
-* feat(gin): Experimental support for HTTP/3 using quic-go/quic-go ([#3210](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3210))
-* feat(form): add array collection format in form binding ([#3986](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3986)), add custom string slice for form tag unmarshal ([#3970](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3970))
-* feat(binding): add BindPlain ([#3904](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3904))
-* feat(fs): Export, test and document OnlyFilesFS ([#3939](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3939))
-* feat(binding): add support for unixMilli and unixMicro ([#4190](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4190))
-* feat(form): Support default values for collections in form binding ([#4048](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4048))
-* feat(context): GetXxx added support for more go native types ([#3633](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3633))
+- feat(gin): Experimental support for HTTP/3 using quic-go/quic-go ([#3210](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3210))
+- feat(form): add array collection format in form binding ([#3986](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3986)), add custom string slice for form tag unmarshal ([#3970](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3970))
+- feat(binding): add BindPlain ([#3904](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3904))
+- feat(fs): Export, test and document OnlyFilesFS ([#3939](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3939))
+- feat(binding): add support for unixMilli and unixMicro ([#4190](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4190))
+- feat(form): Support default values for collections in form binding ([#4048](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4048))
+- feat(context): GetXxx added support for more go native types ([#3633](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3633))
 
 ### Enhancements
 
-* perf(context): optimize getMapFromFormData performance ([#4339](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4339))
-* refactor(tree): replace string(/) with "/" in node.insertChild ([#4354](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4354))
-* refactor(render): remove headers parameter from writeHeader ([#4353](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4353))
-* refactor(context): simplify "GetType()" functions ([#4080](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4080))
-* refactor(slice): simplify SliceValidationError Error method ([#3910](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3910))
-* refactor(context):Avoid using filepath.Dir twice in SaveUploadedFile ([#4181](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4181))
-* refactor(context): refactor context handling and improve test robustness ([#4066](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4066))
-* refactor(binding): use strings.Cut to replace strings.Index ([#3522](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3522))
-* refactor(context): add an optional permission parameter to SaveUploadedFile ([#4068](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4068))
-* refactor(context): verify URL is Non-nil in initQueryCache() ([#3969](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3969))
-* refactor(context): YAML judgment logic in Negotiate ([#3966](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3966))
-* tree: replace the self-defined 'min' to official one ([#3975](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3975))
-* context: Remove redundant filepath.Dir usage ([#4181](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4181))
+- perf(context): optimize getMapFromFormData performance ([#4339](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4339))
+- refactor(tree): replace string(/) with "/" in node.insertChild ([#4354](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4354))
+- refactor(render): remove headers parameter from writeHeader ([#4353](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4353))
+- refactor(context): simplify "GetType()" functions ([#4080](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4080))
+- refactor(slice): simplify SliceValidationError Error method ([#3910](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3910))
+- refactor(context):Avoid using filepath.Dir twice in SaveUploadedFile ([#4181](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4181))
+- refactor(context): refactor context handling and improve test robustness ([#4066](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4066))
+- refactor(binding): use strings.Cut to replace strings.Index ([#3522](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3522))
+- refactor(context): add an optional permission parameter to SaveUploadedFile ([#4068](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4068))
+- refactor(context): verify URL is Non-nil in initQueryCache() ([#3969](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3969))
+- refactor(context): YAML judgment logic in Negotiate ([#3966](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3966))
+- tree: replace the self-defined 'min' to official one ([#3975](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3975))
+- context: Remove redundant filepath.Dir usage ([#4181](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4181))
 
 ### Bug Fixes
 
-* fix: prevent middleware re-entry issue in HandleContext ([#3987](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3987))
-* fix(binding): prevent duplicate decoding and add validation in decodeToml ([#4193](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4193))
-* fix(gin): Do not panic when handling method not allowed on empty tree ([#4003](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4003))
-* fix(gin): data race warning for gin mode ([#1580](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1580))
-* fix(context): verify URL is Non-nil in initQueryCache() ([#3969](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3969))
-* fix(context): YAML judgment logic in Negotiate ([#3966](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3966))
-* fix(context): check handler is nil ([#3413](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3413))
-* fix(readme): fix broken link to English documentation ([#4222](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4222))
-* fix(tree): Keep panic infos consistent when wildcard type build faild ([#4077](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4077))
+- fix: prevent middleware re-entry issue in HandleContext ([#3987](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3987))
+- fix(binding): prevent duplicate decoding and add validation in decodeToml ([#4193](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4193))
+- fix(gin): Do not panic when handling method not allowed on empty tree ([#4003](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4003))
+- fix(gin): data race warning for gin mode ([#1580](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1580))
+- fix(context): verify URL is Non-nil in initQueryCache() ([#3969](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3969))
+- fix(context): YAML judgment logic in Negotiate ([#3966](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3966))
+- fix(context): check handler is nil ([#3413](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3413))
+- fix(readme): fix broken link to English documentation ([#4222](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4222))
+- fix(tree): Keep panic infos consistent when wildcard type build faild ([#4077](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4077))
 
 ### Build process updates / CI
 
-* ci: integrate Trivy vulnerability scanning into CI workflow ([#4359](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4359))
-* ci: support Go 1.25 in CI/CD ([#4341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4341))
-* build(deps): upgrade github.com/bytedance/sonic from v1.13.2 to v1.14.0 ([#4342](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4342))
-* ci: add Go version 1.24 to GitHub Actions ([#4154](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4154))
-* build: update Gin minimum Go version to 1.21 ([#3960](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3960))
-* ci(lint): enable new linters (testifylint, usestdlibvars, perfsprint, etc.) ([#4010](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4010), [#4091](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4091), [#4090](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4090))
-* ci(lint): update workflows and improve test request consistency ([#4126](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4126))
+- ci: integrate Trivy vulnerability scanning into CI workflow ([#4359](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4359))
+- ci: support Go 1.25 in CI/CD ([#4341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4341))
+- build(deps): upgrade github.com/bytedance/sonic from v1.13.2 to v1.14.0 ([#4342](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4342))
+- ci: add Go version 1.24 to GitHub Actions ([#4154](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4154))
+- build: update Gin minimum Go version to 1.21 ([#3960](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3960))
+- ci(lint): enable new linters (testifylint, usestdlibvars, perfsprint, etc.) ([#4010](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4010), [#4091](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4091), [#4090](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4090))
+- ci(lint): update workflows and improve test request consistency ([#4126](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4126))
 
 ### Dependency updates
 
-* chore(deps): bump google.golang.org/protobuf from 1.36.6 to 1.36.9 ([#4346](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4346), [#4356](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4356))
-* chore(deps): bump github.com/stretchr/testify from 1.10.0 to 1.11.1 ([#4347](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4347))
-* chore(deps): bump actions/setup-go from 5 to 6 ([#4351](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4351))
-* chore(deps): bump github.com/quic-go/quic-go from 0.53.0 to 0.54.0 ([#4328](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4328))
-* chore(deps): bump golang.org/x/net from 0.33.0 to 0.38.0 ([#4178](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4178), [#4221](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4221))
-* chore(deps): bump github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 from 10.20.0 to 10.22.1 ([#4052](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4052))
+- chore(deps): bump google.golang.org/protobuf from 1.36.6 to 1.36.9 ([#4346](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4346), [#4356](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4356))
+- chore(deps): bump github.com/stretchr/testify from 1.10.0 to 1.11.1 ([#4347](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4347))
+- chore(deps): bump actions/setup-go from 5 to 6 ([#4351](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4351))
+- chore(deps): bump github.com/quic-go/quic-go from 0.53.0 to 0.54.0 ([#4328](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4328))
+- chore(deps): bump golang.org/x/net from 0.33.0 to 0.38.0 ([#4178](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4178), [#4221](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4221))
+- chore(deps): bump github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 from 10.20.0 to 10.22.1 ([#4052](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4052))
 
 ### Documentation updates
 
-* docs(changelog): update release notes for Gin v1.10.1 ([#4360](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4360))
-* docs: Fixing English grammar mistakes and awkward sentence structure in doc/doc.md ([#4207](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4207))
-* docs: update documentation and release notes for Gin v1.10.0 ([#3953](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3953))
-* docs: fix typo in Gin Quick Start ([#3997](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3997))
-* docs: fix comment and link issues ([#4205](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4205), [#3938](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3938))
-* docs: fix route group example code ([#4020](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4020))
-* docs(readme): add Portuguese documentation ([#4078](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4078))
-* docs(context): fix some function names in comment ([#4079](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4079))
+- docs(changelog): update release notes for Gin v1.10.1 ([#4360](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4360))
+- docs: Fixing English grammar mistakes and awkward sentence structure in doc/doc.md ([#4207](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4207))
+- docs: update documentation and release notes for Gin v1.10.0 ([#3953](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3953))
+- docs: fix typo in Gin Quick Start ([#3997](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3997))
+- docs: fix comment and link issues ([#4205](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4205), [#3938](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3938))
+- docs: fix route group example code ([#4020](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4020))
+- docs(readme): add Portuguese documentation ([#4078](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4078))
+- docs(context): fix some function names in comment ([#4079](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4079))
 
 ---
 
@@ -76,377 +125,377 @@
 
 ### Features
 
-* refactor: strengthen HTTPS security and improve code organization
-* feat(binding): Support custom BindUnmarshaler for binding. (#3933)
+- refactor: strengthen HTTPS security and improve code organization
+- feat(binding): Support custom BindUnmarshaler for binding. (#3933)
 
 ### Enhancements
 
-* chore(deps): bump github.com/bytedance/sonic from 1.11.3 to 1.11.6 (#3940)
-* chore(deps): bump golangci/golangci-lint-action from 4 to 5 (#3941)
-* chore: update external dependencies to latest versions (#3950)
-* chore: update various Go dependencies to latest versions (#3901)
-* chore: refactor configuration files for better readability (#3951)
-* chore: update changelog categories and improve documentation (#3917)
-* feat: update version constant to v1.10.0 (#3952)
+- chore(deps): bump github.com/bytedance/sonic from 1.11.3 to 1.11.6 (#3940)
+- chore(deps): bump golangci/golangci-lint-action from 4 to 5 (#3941)
+- chore: update external dependencies to latest versions (#3950)
+- chore: update various Go dependencies to latest versions (#3901)
+- chore: refactor configuration files for better readability (#3951)
+- chore: update changelog categories and improve documentation (#3917)
+- feat: update version constant to v1.10.0 (#3952)
 
 ### Build process updates
 
-* ci(release): refactor changelog regex patterns and exclusions (#3914)
-* ci(Makefile): vet command add .PHONY (#3915)
+- ci(release): refactor changelog regex patterns and exclusions (#3914)
+- ci(Makefile): vet command add .PHONY (#3915)
 
 ## Gin v1.10.0
 
 ### Features
 
-* feat(auth): add proxy-server authentication (#3877) (@EndlessParadox1)
-* feat(bind): ShouldBindBodyWith shortcut and change doc (#3871) (@RedCrazyGhost)
-* feat(binding): Support custom BindUnmarshaler for binding. (#3933) (@dkkb)
-* feat(binding): support override default binding implement (#3514) (@ssfyn)
-* feat(engine): Added `OptionFunc` and `With` (#3572) (@flc1125)
-* feat(logger): ability to skip logs based on user-defined logic (#3593) (@palvaneh)
+- feat(auth): add proxy-server authentication (#3877) (@EndlessParadox1)
+- feat(bind): ShouldBindBodyWith shortcut and change doc (#3871) (@RedCrazyGhost)
+- feat(binding): Support custom BindUnmarshaler for binding. (#3933) (@dkkb)
+- feat(binding): support override default binding implement (#3514) (@ssfyn)
+- feat(engine): Added `OptionFunc` and `With` (#3572) (@flc1125)
+- feat(logger): ability to skip logs based on user-defined logic (#3593) (@palvaneh)
 
 ### Bug fixes
 
-* Revert "fix(uri): query binding bug (#3236)" (#3899) (@appleboy)
-* fix(binding): binding error while not upload file (#3819) (#3820) (@clearcodecn)
-* fix(binding): dereference pointer to struct (#3199) (@echovl)
-* fix(context): make context Value method adhere to Go standards (#3897) (@FarmerChillax)
-* fix(engine): fix unit test (#3878) (@flc1125)
-* fix(header): Allow header according to RFC 7231 (HTTP 405) (#3759) (@Crocmagnon)
-* fix(route): Add fullPath in context copy (#3784) (@KarthikReddyPuli)
-* fix(router): catch-all conflicting wildcard (#3812) (@FirePing32)
-* fix(sec): upgrade golang.org/x/crypto to 0.17.0 (#3832) (@chncaption)
-* fix(tree): correctly expand the capacity of params (#3502) (@georgijd-form3)
-* fix(uri): query binding bug (#3236) (@illiafox)
-* fix: Add pointer support for url query params (#3659) (#3666) (@omkar-foss)
-* fix: protect Context.Keys map when call Copy method (#3873) (@kingcanfish)
+- Revert "fix(uri): query binding bug (#3236)" (#3899) (@appleboy)
+- fix(binding): binding error while not upload file (#3819) (#3820) (@clearcodecn)
+- fix(binding): dereference pointer to struct (#3199) (@echovl)
+- fix(context): make context Value method adhere to Go standards (#3897) (@FarmerChillax)
+- fix(engine): fix unit test (#3878) (@flc1125)
+- fix(header): Allow header according to RFC 7231 (HTTP 405) (#3759) (@Crocmagnon)
+- fix(route): Add fullPath in context copy (#3784) (@KarthikReddyPuli)
+- fix(router): catch-all conflicting wildcard (#3812) (@FirePing32)
+- fix(sec): upgrade golang.org/x/crypto to 0.17.0 (#3832) (@chncaption)
+- fix(tree): correctly expand the capacity of params (#3502) (@georgijd-form3)
+- fix(uri): query binding bug (#3236) (@illiafox)
+- fix: Add pointer support for url query params (#3659) (#3666) (@omkar-foss)
+- fix: protect Context.Keys map when call Copy method (#3873) (@kingcanfish)
 
 ### Enhancements
 
-* chore(CI): update release args (#3595) (@qloog)
-* chore(IP): add TrustedPlatform constant for Fly.io. (#3839) (@ab)
-* chore(debug): add ability to override the debugPrint statement (#2337) (@josegonzalez)
-* chore(deps): update dependencies to latest versions (#3835) (@appleboy)
-* chore(header): Add support for RFC 9512: application/yaml (#3851) (@vincentbernat)
-* chore(http): use white color for HTTP 1XX (#3741) (@viralparmarme)
-* chore(optimize): the ShouldBindUri method of the Context struct (#3911) (@1911860538)
-* chore(perf): Optimize the Copy method of the Context struct (#3859) (@1911860538)
-* chore(refactor): modify interface check way (#3855) (@demoManito)
-* chore(request): check reader if it's nil before reading (#3419) (@noahyao1024)
-* chore(security): upgrade Protobuf for CVE-2024-24786 (#3893) (@Fotkurz)
-* chore: refactor CI and update dependencies (#3848) (@appleboy)
-* chore: refactor configuration files for better readability (#3951) (@appleboy)
-* chore: update GitHub Actions configuration (#3792) (@appleboy)
-* chore: update changelog categories and improve documentation (#3917) (@appleboy)
-* chore: update dependencies to latest versions (#3694) (@appleboy)
-* chore: update external dependencies to latest versions (#3950) (@appleboy)
-* chore: update various Go dependencies to latest versions (#3901) (@appleboy)
+- chore(CI): update release args (#3595) (@qloog)
+- chore(IP): add TrustedPlatform constant for Fly.io. (#3839) (@ab)
+- chore(debug): add ability to override the debugPrint statement (#2337) (@josegonzalez)
+- chore(deps): update dependencies to latest versions (#3835) (@appleboy)
+- chore(header): Add support for RFC 9512: application/yaml (#3851) (@vincentbernat)
+- chore(http): use white color for HTTP 1XX (#3741) (@viralparmarme)
+- chore(optimize): the ShouldBindUri method of the Context struct (#3911) (@1911860538)
+- chore(perf): Optimize the Copy method of the Context struct (#3859) (@1911860538)
+- chore(refactor): modify interface check way (#3855) (@demoManito)
+- chore(request): check reader if it's nil before reading (#3419) (@noahyao1024)
+- chore(security): upgrade Protobuf for CVE-2024-24786 (#3893) (@Fotkurz)
+- chore: refactor CI and update dependencies (#3848) (@appleboy)
+- chore: refactor configuration files for better readability (#3951) (@appleboy)
+- chore: update GitHub Actions configuration (#3792) (@appleboy)
+- chore: update changelog categories and improve documentation (#3917) (@appleboy)
+- chore: update dependencies to latest versions (#3694) (@appleboy)
+- chore: update external dependencies to latest versions (#3950) (@appleboy)
+- chore: update various Go dependencies to latest versions (#3901) (@appleboy)
 
 ### Build process updates
 
-* build(codecov): Added a codecov configuration (#3891) (@flc1125)
-* ci(Makefile): vet command add .PHONY (#3915) (@imalasong)
-* ci(lint): update tooling and workflows for consistency (#3834) (@appleboy)
-* ci(release): refactor changelog regex patterns and exclusions (#3914) (@appleboy)
-* ci(testing): add go1.22 version (#3842) (@appleboy)
+- build(codecov): Added a codecov configuration (#3891) (@flc1125)
+- ci(Makefile): vet command add .PHONY (#3915) (@imalasong)
+- ci(lint): update tooling and workflows for consistency (#3834) (@appleboy)
+- ci(release): refactor changelog regex patterns and exclusions (#3914) (@appleboy)
+- ci(testing): add go1.22 version (#3842) (@appleboy)
 
 ### Documentation updates
 
-* docs(context): Added deprecation comments to BindWith (#3880) (@flc1125)
-* docs(middleware): comments to function `BasicAuthForProxy` (#3881) (@EndlessParadox1)
-* docs: Add document  to constant `AuthProxyUserKey` and  `BasicAuthForProxy`. (#3887) (@EndlessParadox1)
-* docs: fix typo in comment (#3868) (@testwill)
-* docs: fix typo in function documentation (#3872) (@TotomiEcio)
-* docs: remove redundant comments (#3765) (@WeiTheShinobi)
-* feat: update version constant to v1.10.0 (#3952) (@appleboy)
+- docs(context): Added deprecation comments to BindWith (#3880) (@flc1125)
+- docs(middleware): comments to function `BasicAuthForProxy` (#3881) (@EndlessParadox1)
+- docs: Add document to constant `AuthProxyUserKey` and `BasicAuthForProxy`. (#3887) (@EndlessParadox1)
+- docs: fix typo in comment (#3868) (@testwill)
+- docs: fix typo in function documentation (#3872) (@TotomiEcio)
+- docs: remove redundant comments (#3765) (@WeiTheShinobi)
+- feat: update version constant to v1.10.0 (#3952) (@appleboy)
 
 ### Others
 
-* Upgrade golang.org/x/net -> v0.13.0 (#3684) (@cpcf)
-* test(git): gitignore add develop tools (#3370) (@demoManito)
-* test(http): use constant instead of numeric literal (#3863) (@testwill)
-* test(path): Optimize unit test execution results (#3883) (@flc1125)
-* test(render): increased unit tests coverage (#3691) (@araujo88)
+- Upgrade golang.org/x/net -> v0.13.0 (#3684) (@cpcf)
+- test(git): gitignore add develop tools (#3370) (@demoManito)
+- test(http): use constant instead of numeric literal (#3863) (@testwill)
+- test(path): Optimize unit test execution results (#3883) (@flc1125)
+- test(render): increased unit tests coverage (#3691) (@araujo88)
 
 ## Gin v1.9.1
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* fix Request.Context() checks [#3512](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3512)
+- fix Request.Context() checks [#3512](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3512)
 
 ### SECURITY
 
-* fix lack of escaping of filename in Content-Disposition [#3556](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3556) 
+- fix lack of escaping of filename in Content-Disposition [#3556](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3556)
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-* refactor: use bytes.ReplaceAll directly [#3455](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3455)
-* convert strings and slices using the officially recommended way [#3344](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3344)
-* improve render code coverage [#3525](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3525)
+- refactor: use bytes.ReplaceAll directly [#3455](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3455)
+- convert strings and slices using the officially recommended way [#3344](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3344)
+- improve render code coverage [#3525](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3525)
 
 ### DOCS
 
-* docs: changed documentation link for trusted proxies [#3575](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3575)
-* chore: improve linting, testing, and GitHub Actions setup [#3583](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3583)
+- docs: changed documentation link for trusted proxies [#3575](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3575)
+- chore: improve linting, testing, and GitHub Actions setup [#3583](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3583)
 
 ## Gin v1.9.0
 
 ### BREAK CHANGES
 
-* Stop useless panicking in context and render [#2150](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2150)
+- Stop useless panicking in context and render [#2150](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2150)
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* fix(router): tree bug where loop index is not decremented. [#3460](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3460)
-* fix(context): panic on NegotiateFormat - index out of range [#3397](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3397)
-* Add escape logic for header [#3500](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3500) and [#3503](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3503)
+- fix(router): tree bug where loop index is not decremented. [#3460](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3460)
+- fix(context): panic on NegotiateFormat - index out of range [#3397](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3397)
+- Add escape logic for header [#3500](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3500) and [#3503](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3503)
 
 ### SECURITY
 
-* Fix the GO-2022-0969 and GO-2022-0288 vulnerabilities [#3333](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3333)
-* fix(security): vulnerability GO-2023-1571 [#3505](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3505)
+- Fix the GO-2022-0969 and GO-2022-0288 vulnerabilities [#3333](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3333)
+- fix(security): vulnerability GO-2023-1571 [#3505](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3505)
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-* feat: add sonic json support [#3184](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3184)
-* chore(file): Creates a directory named path [#3316](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3316)
-* fix: modify interface check way [#3327](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3327)
-* remove deprecated of package io/ioutil [#3395](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3395)
-* refactor: avoid calling strings.ToLower twice [#3343](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3433)
-* console logger HTTP status code bug fixed [#3453](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3453)
-* chore(yaml): upgrade dependency to v3 version [#3456](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3456)
-* chore(router): match method added to routergroup for multiple HTTP methods supporting [#3464](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3464)
-* chore(http): add support for go1.20 http.rwUnwrapper to gin.responseWriter [#3489](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3489)
+- feat: add sonic json support [#3184](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3184)
+- chore(file): Creates a directory named path [#3316](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3316)
+- fix: modify interface check way [#3327](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3327)
+- remove deprecated of package io/ioutil [#3395](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3395)
+- refactor: avoid calling strings.ToLower twice [#3343](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3433)
+- console logger HTTP status code bug fixed [#3453](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3453)
+- chore(yaml): upgrade dependency to v3 version [#3456](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3456)
+- chore(router): match method added to routergroup for multiple HTTP methods supporting [#3464](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3464)
+- chore(http): add support for go1.20 http.rwUnwrapper to gin.responseWriter [#3489](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3489)
 
 ### DOCS
 
-* docs: update markdown format [#3260](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3260)
-* docs(readme): Add the TOML rendering example [#3400](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3400)
-* docs(readme): move more example to docs/doc.md [#3449](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3449)
-* docs: update markdown format [#3446](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3446)
+- docs: update markdown format [#3260](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3260)
+- docs(readme): Add the TOML rendering example [#3400](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3400)
+- docs(readme): move more example to docs/doc.md [#3449](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3449)
+- docs: update markdown format [#3446](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3446)
 
 ## Gin v1.8.2
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* fix(route): redirectSlash bug ([#3227]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3227)))
-* fix(engine): missing route params for CreateTestContext ([#2778]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2778))) ([#2803]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2803)))
+- fix(route): redirectSlash bug ([#3227](<(https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3227)>))
+- fix(engine): missing route params for CreateTestContext ([#2778](<(https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2778)>)) ([#2803](<(https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2803)>))
 
 ### SECURITY
 
-* Fix the GO-2022-1144 vulnerability ([#3432]((https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3432)))
+- Fix the GO-2022-1144 vulnerability ([#3432](<(https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3432)>))
 
 ## Gin v1.8.1
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-* feat(context): add ContextWithFallback feature flag [#3172](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3172)
+- feat(context): add ContextWithFallback feature flag [#3172](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3172)
 
 ## Gin v1.8.0
 
 ### BREAK CHANGES
 
-* TrustedProxies: Add default IPv6 support and refactor [#2967](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2967). Please replace `RemoteIP() (net.IP, bool)` with `RemoteIP() net.IP`
-* gin.Context with fallback value from gin.Context.Request.Context() [#2751](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2751)
+- TrustedProxies: Add default IPv6 support and refactor [#2967](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2967). Please replace `RemoteIP() (net.IP, bool)` with `RemoteIP() net.IP`
+- gin.Context with fallback value from gin.Context.Request.Context() [#2751](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2751)
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* Fixed SetOutput() panics on go 1.17 [#2861](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2861)
-* Fix: wrong when wildcard follows named param [#2983](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2983)
-* Fix: missing sameSite when do context.reset() [#3123](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3123)
+- Fixed SetOutput() panics on go 1.17 [#2861](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2861)
+- Fix: wrong when wildcard follows named param [#2983](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2983)
+- Fix: missing sameSite when do context.reset() [#3123](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3123)
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-* Use Header() instead of deprecated HeaderMap [#2694](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2694)
-* RouterGroup.Handle regular match optimization of http method [#2685](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2685)
-* Add support go-json, another drop-in json replacement [#2680](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2680)
-* Use errors.New to replace fmt.Errorf will much better [#2707](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2707)
-* Use Duration.Truncate for truncating precision [#2711](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2711)
-* Get client IP when using Cloudflare [#2723](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2723)
-* Optimize code adjust [#2700](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2700/files)
-* Optimize code and reduce code cyclomatic complexity [#2737](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2737)
-* Improve sliceValidateError.Error performance [#2765](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2765)
-* Support custom struct tag [#2720](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2720)
-* Improve router group tests [#2787](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2787)
-* Fallback Context.Deadline() Context.Done() Context.Err() to Context.Request.Context() [#2769](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2769)
-* Some codes optimize [#2830](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2830) [#2834](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2834) [#2838](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2838) [#2837](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2837) [#2788](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2788) [#2848](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2848) [#2851](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2851) [#2701](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2701)
-* TrustedProxies: Add default IPv6 support and refactor [#2967](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2967)
-* Test(route): expose performRequest func [#3012](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3012)
-* Support h2c with prior knowledge [#1398](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1398)
-* Feat attachment filename support utf8 [#3071](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3071)
-* Feat: add StaticFileFS [#2749](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2749)
-* Feat(context): return GIN Context from Value method [#2825](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2825)
-* Feat: automatically SetMode to TestMode when run go test [#3139](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3139)
-* Add TOML bining for gin [#3081](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3081)
-* IPv6 add default trusted proxies [#3033](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3033)
+- Use Header() instead of deprecated HeaderMap [#2694](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2694)
+- RouterGroup.Handle regular match optimization of http method [#2685](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2685)
+- Add support go-json, another drop-in json replacement [#2680](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2680)
+- Use errors.New to replace fmt.Errorf will much better [#2707](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2707)
+- Use Duration.Truncate for truncating precision [#2711](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2711)
+- Get client IP when using Cloudflare [#2723](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2723)
+- Optimize code adjust [#2700](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2700/files)
+- Optimize code and reduce code cyclomatic complexity [#2737](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2737)
+- Improve sliceValidateError.Error performance [#2765](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2765)
+- Support custom struct tag [#2720](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2720)
+- Improve router group tests [#2787](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2787)
+- Fallback Context.Deadline() Context.Done() Context.Err() to Context.Request.Context() [#2769](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2769)
+- Some codes optimize [#2830](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2830) [#2834](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2834) [#2838](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2838) [#2837](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2837) [#2788](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2788) [#2848](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2848) [#2851](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2851) [#2701](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2701)
+- TrustedProxies: Add default IPv6 support and refactor [#2967](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2967)
+- Test(route): expose performRequest func [#3012](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3012)
+- Support h2c with prior knowledge [#1398](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1398)
+- Feat attachment filename support utf8 [#3071](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3071)
+- Feat: add StaticFileFS [#2749](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2749)
+- Feat(context): return GIN Context from Value method [#2825](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2825)
+- Feat: automatically SetMode to TestMode when run go test [#3139](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3139)
+- Add TOML bining for gin [#3081](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3081)
+- IPv6 add default trusted proxies [#3033](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/3033)
 
 ### DOCS
 
-* Add note about nomsgpack tag to the readme [#2703](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2703)
+- Add note about nomsgpack tag to the readme [#2703](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2703)
 
 ## Gin v1.7.7
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* Fixed X-Forwarded-For unsafe handling of CVE-2020-28483 [#2844](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2844), closed issue [#2862](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2862).
-* Tree: updated the code logic for `latestNode` [#2897](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2897), closed issue [#2894](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2894) [#2878](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2878).
-* Tree: fixed the misplacement of adding slashes [#2847](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2847), closed issue [#2843](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2843).
-* Tree: fixed tsr with mixed static and wildcard paths [#2924](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2924), closed issue [#2918](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2918).
+- Fixed X-Forwarded-For unsafe handling of CVE-2020-28483 [#2844](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2844), closed issue [#2862](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2862).
+- Tree: updated the code logic for `latestNode` [#2897](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2897), closed issue [#2894](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2894) [#2878](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2878).
+- Tree: fixed the misplacement of adding slashes [#2847](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2847), closed issue [#2843](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2843).
+- Tree: fixed tsr with mixed static and wildcard paths [#2924](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2924), closed issue [#2918](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2918).
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-* TrustedProxies: make it backward-compatible [#2887](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2887), closed issue [#2819](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2819).
-* TrustedPlatform: provide custom options for another CDN services [#2906](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2906).
+- TrustedProxies: make it backward-compatible [#2887](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2887), closed issue [#2819](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2819).
+- TrustedPlatform: provide custom options for another CDN services [#2906](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2906).
 
 ### DOCS
 
-* NoMethod: added usage annotation ([#2832](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2832#issuecomment-929954463)).
+- NoMethod: added usage annotation ([#2832](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2832#issuecomment-929954463)).
 
 ## Gin v1.7.6
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* bump new release to fix v1.7.5 release error by using v1.7.4 codes.
+- bump new release to fix v1.7.5 release error by using v1.7.4 codes.
 
 ## Gin v1.7.4
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* bump new release to fix checksum mismatch
+- bump new release to fix checksum mismatch
 
 ## Gin v1.7.3
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* fix level 1 router match [#2767](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2767), [#2796](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2796)
+- fix level 1 router match [#2767](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2767), [#2796](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2796)
 
 ## Gin v1.7.2
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* Fix conflict between param and exact path [#2706](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2706). Close issue [#2682](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2682) [#2696](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2696).
+- Fix conflict between param and exact path [#2706](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2706). Close issue [#2682](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2682) [#2696](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2696).
 
 ## Gin v1.7.1
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* fix: data race with trustedCIDRs from [#2674](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2674)([#2675](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2675))
+- fix: data race with trustedCIDRs from [#2674](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2674)([#2675](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2675))
 
 ## Gin v1.7.0
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-* fix compile error from [#2572](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2572) ([#2600](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2600))
-* fix: print headers without Authorization header on broken pipe ([#2528](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2528))
-* fix(tree): reassign fullpath when register new node ([#2366](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2366))
+- fix compile error from [#2572](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2572) ([#2600](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2600))
+- fix: print headers without Authorization header on broken pipe ([#2528](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2528))
+- fix(tree): reassign fullpath when register new node ([#2366](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2366))
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-* Support params and exact routes without creating conflicts ([#2663](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2663))
-* chore: improve render string performance ([#2365](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2365))
-* Sync route tree to httprouter latest code ([#2368](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2368))
-* chore: rename getQueryCache/getFormCache to initQueryCache/initFormCa ([#2375](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2375))
-* chore(performance): improve countParams ([#2378](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2378))
-* Remove some functions that have the same effect as the bytes package ([#2387](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2387))
-* update:SetMode function ([#2321](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2321))
-* remove an unused type SecureJSONPrefix ([#2391](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2391))
-* Add a redirect sample for POST method ([#2389](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2389))
-* Add CustomRecovery builtin middleware ([#2322](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2322))
-* binding: avoid 2038 problem on 32-bit architectures ([#2450](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2450))
-* Prevent panic in Context.GetQuery() when there is no Request ([#2412](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2412))
-* Add GetUint and GetUint64 method on gin.context ([#2487](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2487))
-* update content-disposition header to MIME-style ([#2512](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2512))
-* reduce allocs and improve the render `WriteString` ([#2508](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2508))
-* implement ".Unwrap() error" on Error type ([#2525](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2525)) ([#2526](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2526))
-* Allow bind with a map[string]string ([#2484](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2484))
-* chore: update tree ([#2371](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2371))
-* Support binding for slice/array obj [Rewrite] ([#2302](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2302))
-* basic auth: fix timing oracle ([#2609](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2609))
-* Add mixed param and non-param paths (port of httprouter[#329](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/329)) ([#2663](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2663))
-* feat(engine): add trustedproxies and remoteIP ([#2632](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2632))
+- Support params and exact routes without creating conflicts ([#2663](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2663))
+- chore: improve render string performance ([#2365](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2365))
+- Sync route tree to httprouter latest code ([#2368](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2368))
+- chore: rename getQueryCache/getFormCache to initQueryCache/initFormCa ([#2375](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2375))
+- chore(performance): improve countParams ([#2378](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2378))
+- Remove some functions that have the same effect as the bytes package ([#2387](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2387))
+- update:SetMode function ([#2321](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2321))
+- remove an unused type SecureJSONPrefix ([#2391](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2391))
+- Add a redirect sample for POST method ([#2389](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2389))
+- Add CustomRecovery builtin middleware ([#2322](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2322))
+- binding: avoid 2038 problem on 32-bit architectures ([#2450](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2450))
+- Prevent panic in Context.GetQuery() when there is no Request ([#2412](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2412))
+- Add GetUint and GetUint64 method on gin.context ([#2487](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2487))
+- update content-disposition header to MIME-style ([#2512](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2512))
+- reduce allocs and improve the render `WriteString` ([#2508](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2508))
+- implement ".Unwrap() error" on Error type ([#2525](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2525)) ([#2526](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2526))
+- Allow bind with a map[string]string ([#2484](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2484))
+- chore: update tree ([#2371](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2371))
+- Support binding for slice/array obj [Rewrite] ([#2302](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2302))
+- basic auth: fix timing oracle ([#2609](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2609))
+- Add mixed param and non-param paths (port of httprouter[#329](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/329)) ([#2663](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2663))
+- feat(engine): add trustedproxies and remoteIP ([#2632](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2632))
 
 ## Gin v1.6.3
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-  * Improve performance: Change `*sync.RWMutex` to `sync.RWMutex` in context. [#2351](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2351)
+- Improve performance: Change `*sync.RWMutex` to `sync.RWMutex` in context. [#2351](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2351)
 
 ## Gin v1.6.2
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-  * fix missing initial sync.RWMutex [#2305](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2305)
+- fix missing initial sync.RWMutex [#2305](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2305)
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-  * Add set samesite in cookie. [#2306](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2306)
+- Add set samesite in cookie. [#2306](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2306)
 
 ## Gin v1.6.1
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-  * Revert "fix accept incoming network connections" [#2294](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2294)
+- Revert "fix accept incoming network connections" [#2294](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2294)
 
 ## Gin v1.6.0
 
 ### BREAKING
 
-  * chore(performance): Improve performance for adding RemoveExtraSlash flag [#2159](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2159)
-  * drop support govendor [#2148](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2148)
-  * Added support for SameSite cookie flag [#1615](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1615)
+- chore(performance): Improve performance for adding RemoveExtraSlash flag [#2159](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2159)
+- drop support govendor [#2148](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2148)
+- Added support for SameSite cookie flag [#1615](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1615)
 
 ### FEATURES
 
-  * add yaml negotiation [#2220](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2220)
-  * FileFromFS [#2112](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2112)
+- add yaml negotiation [#2220](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2220)
+- FileFromFS [#2112](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2112)
 
 ### BUG FIXES
 
-  * Unix Socket Handling [#2280](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2280)
-  * Use json marshall in context json to fix breaking new line issue. Fixes #2209 [#2228](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2228)
-  * fix accept incoming network connections [#2216](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2216)
-  * Fixed a bug in the calculation of the maximum number of parameters [#2166](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2166)
-  * [FIX] allow empty headers on DataFromReader [#2121](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2121)
-  * Add mutex for protect Context.Keys map [#1391](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1391)
+- Unix Socket Handling [#2280](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2280)
+- Use json marshall in context json to fix breaking new line issue. Fixes #2209 [#2228](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2228)
+- fix accept incoming network connections [#2216](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2216)
+- Fixed a bug in the calculation of the maximum number of parameters [#2166](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2166)
+- [FIX] allow empty headers on DataFromReader [#2121](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2121)
+- Add mutex for protect Context.Keys map [#1391](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1391)
 
 ### ENHANCEMENTS
 
-  * Add mitigation for log injection [#2277](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2277)
-  * tree: range over nodes values [#2229](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2229)
-  * tree: remove duplicate assignment [#2222](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2222)
-  * chore: upgrade go-isatty and json-iterator/go [#2215](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2215)
-  * path: sync code with httprouter [#2212](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2212)
-  * Use zero-copy approach to convert types between string and byte slice [#2206](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2206)
-  * Reuse bytes when cleaning the URL paths [#2179](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2179)
-  * tree: remove one else statement [#2177](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2177)
-  * tree: sync httprouter update (#2173) (#2172) [#2171](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2171)
-  * tree: sync part httprouter codes and reduce if/else [#2163](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2163)
-  * use http method constant [#2155](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2155)
-  * upgrade go-validator to v10 [#2149](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2149)
-  * Refactor redirect request in gin.go [#1970](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1970)
-  * Add build tag nomsgpack [#1852](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1852)
+- Add mitigation for log injection [#2277](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2277)
+- tree: range over nodes values [#2229](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2229)
+- tree: remove duplicate assignment [#2222](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2222)
+- chore: upgrade go-isatty and json-iterator/go [#2215](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2215)
+- path: sync code with httprouter [#2212](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2212)
+- Use zero-copy approach to convert types between string and byte slice [#2206](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2206)
+- Reuse bytes when cleaning the URL paths [#2179](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2179)
+- tree: remove one else statement [#2177](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2177)
+- tree: sync httprouter update (#2173) (#2172) [#2171](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2171)
+- tree: sync part httprouter codes and reduce if/else [#2163](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2163)
+- use http method constant [#2155](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2155)
+- upgrade go-validator to v10 [#2149](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2149)
+- Refactor redirect request in gin.go [#1970](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1970)
+- Add build tag nomsgpack [#1852](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1852)
 
 ### DOCS
 
-  * docs(path): improve comments [#2223](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2223)
-  * Renew README to fit the modification of SetCookie method [#2217](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2217)
-  * Fix spelling [#2202](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2202)
-  * Remove broken link from README. [#2198](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2198)
-  * Update docs on Context.Done(), Context.Deadline() and Context.Err() [#2196](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2196)
-  * Update validator to v10 [#2190](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2190)
-  * upgrade go-validator to v10 for README [#2189](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2189)
-  * Update to currently output [#2188](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2188)
-  * Fix "Custom Validators" example [#2186](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2186)
-  * Add project to README [#2165](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2165)
-  * docs(benchmarks): for gin v1.5 [#2153](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2153)
-  * Changed wording for clarity in README.md [#2122](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2122)
+- docs(path): improve comments [#2223](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2223)
+- Renew README to fit the modification of SetCookie method [#2217](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2217)
+- Fix spelling [#2202](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2202)
+- Remove broken link from README. [#2198](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2198)
+- Update docs on Context.Done(), Context.Deadline() and Context.Err() [#2196](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2196)
+- Update validator to v10 [#2190](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2190)
+- upgrade go-validator to v10 for README [#2189](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2189)
+- Update to currently output [#2188](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2188)
+- Fix "Custom Validators" example [#2186](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2186)
+- Add project to README [#2165](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2165)
+- docs(benchmarks): for gin v1.5 [#2153](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2153)
+- Changed wording for clarity in README.md [#2122](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2122)
 
 ### MISC
 
-  * ci support go1.14 [#2262](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2262)
-  * chore: upgrade depend version [#2231](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2231)
-  * Drop support go1.10 [#2147](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2147)
-  * fix comment in `mode.go` [#2129](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2129)
+- ci support go1.14 [#2262](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2262)
+- chore: upgrade depend version [#2231](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2231)
+- Drop support go1.10 [#2147](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2147)
+- fix comment in `mode.go` [#2129](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2129)
 
 ## Gin v1.5.0
 
@@ -485,14 +534,14 @@
 
 ### Gin v1.4.0
 
-- [NEW] Support for [Go Modules](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules)  [#1569](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1569)
+- [NEW] Support for [Go Modules](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Modules) [#1569](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1569)
 - [NEW] Refactor of form mapping multipart request [#1829](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1829)
 - [FIX] Truncate Latency precision in long running request [#1830](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1830)
 - [FIX] IsTerm flag should not be affected by DisableConsoleColor method. [#1802](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1802)
 - [NEW] Supporting file binding [#1264](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1264)
 - [NEW] Add support for mapping arrays [#1797](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1797)
 - [FIX] Readme updates [#1793](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1793) [#1788](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1788) [1789](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1789)
-- [FIX] StaticFS: Fixed Logging two log lines on 404.  [#1805](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1805), [#1804](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1804)
+- [FIX] StaticFS: Fixed Logging two log lines on 404. [#1805](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1805), [#1804](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1804)
 - [NEW] Make context.Keys available as LogFormatterParams [#1779](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1779)
 - [NEW] Use internal/json for Marshal/Unmarshal [#1791](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1791)
 - [NEW] Support mapping time.Duration [#1794](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1794)
@@ -524,7 +573,7 @@
 - [NEW] RunFd method to run http.Server through a file descriptor [#1609](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1609)
 - [NEW] Yaml binding support [#1618](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1618)
 - [FIX] Pass MaxMultipartMemory when FormFile is called [#1600](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1600)
-- [FIX] LoadHTML* tests [#1559](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1559)
+- [FIX] LoadHTML\* tests [#1559](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1559)
 - [FIX] Removed use of sync.pool from HandleContext [#1565](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1565)
 - [FIX] Format output log to os.Stderr [#1571](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1571)
 - [FIX] Make logger use a yellow background and a darkgray text for legibility [#1570](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1570)
@@ -539,7 +588,6 @@
 - [FIX] Add BindXML and ShouldBindXML [#1485](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1485)
 - [NEW] Upgrade dependency libraries [#1491](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1491)
 
-
 ## Gin v1.3.0
 
 - [NEW] Add [`func (*Context) QueryMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.QueryMap), [`func (*Context) GetQueryMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.GetQueryMap), [`func (*Context) PostFormMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.PostFormMap) and [`func (*Context) GetPostFormMap`](https://godoc.org/github.com/gin-gonic/gin#Context.GetPostFormMap) to support `type map[string]string` as query string or form parameters, see [#1383](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1383)
@@ -637,7 +685,6 @@
 - [FIX] Error implements the json.Marshaller interface
 - [FIX] MIT license in every file
 
-
 ## Gin 1.0rc1 (May 22, 2015)
 
 - [PERFORMANCE] Zero allocation router
@@ -681,7 +728,6 @@
 - [FIX] Hijacking http
 - [FIX] Better support for Google App Engine (using log instead of fmt)
 
-
 ## Gin 0.6 (Mar 9, 2015)
 
 - [NEW] Support multipart/form-data
@@ -691,14 +737,12 @@
 - [FIX] Unsigned integers in binding
 - [FIX] Improve color logger
 
-
 ## Gin 0.5 (Feb 7, 2015)
 
 - [NEW] Content Negotiation
 - [FIX] Solved security bug that allow a client to spoof ip
 - [FIX] Fix unexported/ignored fields in binding
 
-
 ## Gin 0.4 (Aug 21, 2014)
 
 - [NEW] Development mode
@@ -707,7 +751,6 @@
 - [FIX] Deferring WriteHeader()
 - [FIX] Improved documentation for model binding
 
-
 ## Gin 0.3 (Jul 18, 2014)
 
 - [PERFORMANCE] Normal log and error log are printed in the same call.
@@ -725,8 +768,8 @@
 - [FIX] Renaming Context.Req to Context.Request
 - [FIX] Check application/x-www-form-urlencoded when parsing form
 
-
 ## Gin 0.2b (Jul 08, 2014)
+
 - [PERFORMANCE] Using sync.Pool to allocatio/gc overhead
 - [NEW] Travis CI integration
 - [NEW] Completely new logger

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,13 +1,41 @@
-## Contributing
+# Contributing
 
-- With issues:
-  - Use the search tool before opening a new issue.
-  - Please provide source code and commit sha if you found a bug.
+We welcome both issue reports and pull requests! Please follow these guidelines to help maintainers respond effectively.
+
+## Issues
+
+- **Before opening a new issue:**
+  - Use the search tool to check for existing issues or feature requests.
   - Review existing issues and provide feedback or react to them.
+  - Use English for all communications — it is the language all maintainers read and write.
+  - For questions, configuration or deployment problems, please use the [Discussions Forum](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions).
+  - For bug reports involving sensitive security issues, email <appleboy.tw@gmail.com> instead of posting publicly.
 
-- With pull requests:
-  - Open your pull request against `master`
-  - Your pull request should have no more than two commits, if not you should squash them.
-  - It should pass all tests in the available continuous integration systems such as GitHub Actions.
-  - You should add/modify tests to cover your proposed code changes.
-  - If your pull request contains a new feature, please document it on the README.
+- **Reporting a bug:**
+  - Please provide a clear description of your issue, and a minimal reproducible code example if possible.
+  - Include the Gin version (or commit reference), Go version, and operating system.
+  - Indicate whether you can reproduce the bug and describe steps to do so.
+  - Attach relevant logs per [Logging Documentation](https://docs.gitea.com/administration/logging-config#collecting-logs-for-help).
+
+- **Feature requests:**
+  - Before opening a request, check that a similar idea hasn’t already been suggested.
+  - Clearly describe your proposed feature and its benefits.
+
+_For API Documentation, User Guides, and more, see:_
+
+- [Go.dev API Documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
+- [Gin User Guides](https://gin-gonic.com/)
+- [Discussions Forum](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/discussions)
+
+## Pull Requests
+
+Please ensure your pull request meets the following requirements:
+
+- Open your pull request against the `master` branch.
+- Your pull request should have no more than two commits — squash them if necessary.
+- All tests pass in available continuous integration systems (e.g., GitHub Actions).
+- Add or modify tests to cover your code changes.
+- If your pull request introduces a new feature, document it in [`docs/doc.md`](docs/doc.md), not in the README.
+- Follow the checklist in the [Pull Request Template](.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md).
+
+Thank you for contributing!

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2014 Manuel Martínez-Almeida
+Copyright (c) 2014-present Manuel Martínez-Almeida
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

Makefile

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ GO_VERSION=$(shell $(GO) version | cut -c 14- | cut -d' ' -f1 | cut -d'.' -f2)
 PACKAGES ?= $(shell $(GO) list ./...)
 VETPACKAGES ?= $(shell $(GO) list ./... | grep -v /examples/)
 GOFILES := $(shell find . -name "*.go")
-TESTFOLDER := $(shell $(GO) list ./... | grep -E 'gin$$|binding$$|render$$' | grep -v examples)
+TESTFOLDER := $(shell $(GO) list ./... | grep -E 'gin$$|ginS$$|binding$$|render$$' | grep -v examples)
 TESTTAGS ?= ""
 
 .PHONY: test
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ TESTTAGS ?= ""
 test:
 	echo "mode: count" > coverage.out
 	for d in $(TESTFOLDER); do \
-		$(GO) test $(TESTTAGS) -v -covermode=count -coverprofile=profile.out $$d > tmp.out; \
+		if [ -n "$(TESTTAGS)" ]; then \
+			$(GO) test $(TESTTAGS) -v -covermode=count -coverprofile=profile.out $$d > tmp.out; \
+		else \
+			$(GO) test -v -covermode=count -coverprofile=profile.out $$d > tmp.out; \
+		fi; \
 		cat tmp.out; \
 		if grep -q "^--- FAIL" tmp.out; then \
 			rm tmp.out; \

README.md

@@ -3,116 +3,149 @@
 <img align="right" width="159px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/logo/master/color.png">
 
 [![Build Status](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/gin.yml/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/gin.yml)
+[![Trivy Security Scan](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/trivy-scan.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/actions/workflows/trivy-scan.yml)
 [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/gin-gonic/gin/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?status.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?tab=doc)
 [![Sourcegraph](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/-/badge.svg)](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?badge)
 [![Open Source Helpers](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/gin-gonic/gin.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/releases)
-[![TODOs](https://badgen.net/https/api.tickgit.com/badgen/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)](https://www.tickgit.com/browse?repo=github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 
-Gin is a web framework written in [Go](https://go.dev/). It features a martini-like API with performance that is up to 40 times faster thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter).
-If you need performance and good productivity, you will love Gin.
+## 📰 Gin 1.12.0 is now available!
 
-**Gin's key features are:**
+We're excited to announce the release of **[Gin 1.12.0](https://gin-gonic.com/en/blog/news/gin-1-12-0-release-announcement/)**! This release brings new features, performance improvements, and important bug fixes. Check out the [release announcement](https://gin-gonic.com/en/blog/news/gin-1-12-0-release-announcement/) on our official blog for the full details.
 
-- Zero allocation router
-- Speed
-- Middleware support
-- Crash-free
-- JSON validation
-- Route grouping
-- Error management
-- Built-in rendering
-- Extensible
+---
 
-## Getting started
+Gin is a high-performance HTTP web framework written in [Go](https://go.dev/). It provides a Martini-like API but with significantly better performance—up to 40 times faster—thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). Gin is designed for building REST APIs, web applications, and microservices where speed and developer productivity are essential.
+
+**Why choose Gin?**
+
+Gin combines the simplicity of Express.js-style routing with Go's performance characteristics, making it ideal for:
+
+- Building high-throughput REST APIs
+- Developing microservices that need to handle many concurrent requests
+- Creating web applications that require fast response times
+- Prototyping web services quickly with minimal boilerplate
+
+**Gin's key features:**
+
+- **Zero allocation router** - Extremely memory-efficient routing with no heap allocations
+- **High performance** - Benchmarks show superior speed compared to other Go web frameworks
+- **Middleware support** - Extensible middleware system for authentication, logging, CORS, etc.
+- **Crash-free** - Built-in recovery middleware prevents panics from crashing your server
+- **JSON validation** - Automatic request/response JSON binding and validation
+- **Route grouping** - Organize related routes and apply common middleware
+- **Error management** - Centralized error handling and logging
+- **Built-in rendering** - Support for JSON, XML, HTML templates, and more
+- **Extensible** - Large ecosystem of community middleware and plugins
+
+## Getting Started
 
 ### Prerequisites
 
-Gin requires [Go](https://go.dev/) version [1.23](https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#go1.23.0) or above.
+- **Go version**: Gin requires [Go](https://go.dev/) version [1.25](https://go.dev/doc/devel/release#go1.25.0) or above
+- **Basic Go knowledge**: Familiarity with Go syntax and package management is helpful
 
-### Getting Gin
+### Installation
 
-With [Go's module support](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules#how-to-use-modules), `go [build|run|test]` automatically fetches the necessary dependencies when you add the import in your code:
+With [Go's module support](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules#how-to-use-modules), simply import Gin in your code and Go will automatically fetch it during build:
 
-```sh
+```go
 import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 ```
 
-Alternatively, use `go get`:
+### Your First Gin Application
 
-```sh
-go get -u github.com/gin-gonic/gin
-```
-
-### Running Gin
-
-A basic example:
+Here's a complete example that demonstrates Gin's simplicity:
 
 ```go
 package main
 
 import (
+  "log"
   "net/http"
 
   "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
 func main() {
+  // Create a Gin router with default middleware (logger and recovery)
   r := gin.Default()
+
+  // Define a simple GET endpoint
   r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
+    // Return JSON response
     c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
       "message": "pong",
     })
   })
-  r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 (for windows "localhost:8080")
+
+  // Start server on port 8080 (default)
+  // Server will listen on 0.0.0.0:8080 (localhost:8080 on Windows)
+  if err := r.Run(); err != nil {
+    log.Fatalf("failed to run server: %v", err)
+  }
 }
 ```
 
-To run the code, use the `go run` command, like:
+**Running the application:**
 
-```sh
-go run example.go
-```
+1. Save the code above as `main.go`
+2. Run the application:
 
-Then visit [`0.0.0.0:8080/ping`](http://0.0.0.0:8080/ping) in your browser to see the response!
+   ```sh
+   go run main.go
+   ```
 
-### See more examples
+3. Open your browser and visit [`http://localhost:8080/ping`](http://localhost:8080/ping)
+4. You should see: `{"message":"pong"}`
 
-#### Quick Start
+**What this example demonstrates:**
 
-Learn and practice with the [Gin Quick Start](docs/doc.md), which includes API examples and builds tag.
+- Creating a Gin router with default middleware
+- Defining HTTP endpoints with simple handler functions
+- Returning JSON responses
+- Starting an HTTP server
 
-#### Examples
+### Next Steps
 
-A number of ready-to-run examples demonstrating various use cases of Gin are available in the [Gin examples](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples) repository.
+After running your first Gin application, explore these resources to learn more:
 
-## Documentation
+#### 📚 Learning Resources
 
-See the [API documentation on go.dev](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin).
+- **[Gin Quick Start Guide](docs/doc.md)** - Comprehensive tutorial with API examples and build configurations
+- **[Example Repository](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples)** - Ready-to-run examples demonstrating various Gin use cases:
+  - REST API development
+  - Authentication & middleware
+  - File uploads and downloads
+  - WebSocket connections
+  - Template rendering
 
-The documentation is also available on [gin-gonic.com](https://gin-gonic.com) in several languages:
+## 📖 Documentation
 
-- [English](https://gin-gonic.com/en/docs/)
-- [简体中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-cn/docs/)
-- [繁體中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-tw/docs/)
-- [日本語](https://gin-gonic.com/ja/docs/)
-- [Español](https://gin-gonic.com/es/docs/)
-- [한국어](https://gin-gonic.com/ko-kr/docs/)
-- [Turkish](https://gin-gonic.com/tr/docs/)
-- [Persian](https://gin-gonic.com/fa/docs/)
-- [Português](https://gin-gonic.com/pt/docs/)
-- [Russian](https://gin-gonic.com/ru/docs/)
-- [Indonesian](https://gin-gonic.com/id/docs/)
+### API Reference
 
-### Articles
+- **[Go.dev API Documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)** - Complete API reference with examples
 
-- [Tutorial: Developing a RESTful API with Go and Gin](https://go.dev/doc/tutorial/web-service-gin)
+### User Guides
 
-## Benchmarks
+The comprehensive documentation is available on [gin-gonic.com](https://gin-gonic.com) in multiple languages:
 
-Gin uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter), [see all benchmarks](/BENCHMARKS.md).
+- [English](https://gin-gonic.com/en/docs/) | [简体中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-cn/docs/) | [繁體中文](https://gin-gonic.com/zh-tw/docs/)
+- [日本語](https://gin-gonic.com/ja/docs/) | [한국어](https://gin-gonic.com/ko-kr/docs/) | [Español](https://gin-gonic.com/es/docs/)
+- [Turkish](https://gin-gonic.com/tr/docs/) | [Persian](https://gin-gonic.com/fa/docs/) | [Português](https://gin-gonic.com/pt/docs/)
+- [Russian](https://gin-gonic.com/ru/docs/) | [Indonesian](https://gin-gonic.com/id/docs/)
+
+### Official Tutorials
+
+- [Go.dev Tutorial: Developing a RESTful API with Go and Gin](https://go.dev/doc/tutorial/web-service-gin)
+
+## ⚡ Performance Benchmarks
+
+Gin demonstrates exceptional performance compared to other Go web frameworks. It uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter) for maximum efficiency. [View detailed benchmarks →](/BENCHMARKS.md)
+
+**Gin vs. Other Go Frameworks** (GitHub API routing benchmark):
 
 | Benchmark name                 |       (1) |             (2) |          (3) |             (4) |
 | ------------------------------ | --------: | --------------: | -----------: | --------------: |
@@ -152,23 +185,43 @@ Gin uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httpr
 - (3): Heap Memory (B/op), lower is better
 - (4): Average Allocations per Repetition (allocs/op), lower is better
 
-## Middleware
+## 🔌 Middleware Ecosystem
 
-You can find many useful Gin middlewares at [gin-contrib](https://github.com/gin-contrib) and [gin-gonic/contrib](https://github.com/gin-gonic/contrib).
+Gin has a rich ecosystem of middleware for common web development needs. Explore community-contributed middleware:
 
-## Uses
+- **[gin-contrib](https://github.com/gin-contrib)** - Official middleware collection including:
+  - Authentication (JWT, Basic Auth, Sessions)
+  - CORS, Rate limiting, Compression
+  - Logging, Metrics, Tracing
+  - Static file serving, Template engines
+- **[gin-gonic/contrib](https://github.com/gin-gonic/contrib)** - Additional community middleware
 
-Here are some awesome projects that are using the [Gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin) web framework.
+## 🏢 Production Usage
 
-- [gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush): A push notification server.
-- [fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn): A container native, cloud agnostic serverless platform.
-- [photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism): Personal photo management powered by Google TensorFlow.
-- [lura](https://github.com/luraproject/lura): Ultra performant API Gateway with middleware.
-- [picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit): An image resizing server.
-- [dkron](https://github.com/distribworks/dkron): Distributed, fault tolerant job scheduling system.
+Gin powers many high-traffic applications and services in production:
 
-## Contributing
+- **[gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush)** - High-performance push notification server
+- **[fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn)** - Container-native, serverless platform
+- **[photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism)** - AI-powered personal photo management
+- **[lura](https://github.com/luraproject/lura)** - Ultra-performant API Gateway framework
+- **[picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit)** - Real-time image processing server
+- **[dkron](https://github.com/distribworks/dkron)** - Distributed job scheduling system
 
-Gin is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
+## 🤝 Contributing
 
-Please see [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details on submitting patches and the contribution workflow.
+Gin is the work of hundreds of contributors from around the world. We welcome and appreciate your contributions! See the full list of [contributors](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/graphs/contributors).
+
+### How to Contribute
+
+- 🐛 **Report bugs** - Help us identify and fix issues
+- 💡 **Suggest features** - Share your ideas for improvements
+- 📝 **Improve documentation** - Help make our docs clearer
+- 🔧 **Submit code** - Fix bugs or implement new features
+- 🧪 **Write tests** - Improve our test coverage
+
+### Getting Started with Contributing
+
+1. Check out our [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for detailed guidelines
+2. Join our community discussions and ask questions
+
+**All contributions are valued and help make Gin better for everyone!**

benchmarks_test.go

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func BenchmarkOneRouteString(B *testing.B) {
 	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/text")
 }
 
-func BenchmarkManyRoutesFist(B *testing.B) {
+func BenchmarkManyRoutesFirst(B *testing.B) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Any("/ping", func(c *Context) {})
 	runRequest(B, router, http.MethodGet, "/ping")
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ func runRequest(B *testing.B, r *Engine, method, path string) {
 	w := newMockWriter()
 	B.ReportAllocs()
 	B.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < B.N; i++ {
+	for B.Loop() {
 		r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
 	}
 }

binding/binding.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ const (
 	MIMEYAML              = "application/x-yaml"
 	MIMEYAML2             = "application/yaml"
 	MIMETOML              = "application/toml"
+	MIMEBSON              = "application/bson"
 )
 
 // Binding describes the interface which needs to be implemented for binding the
@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ var (
 	Header        Binding     = headerBinding{}
 	Plain         BindingBody = plainBinding{}
 	TOML          BindingBody = tomlBinding{}
+	BSON          BindingBody = bsonBinding{}
 )
 
 // Default returns the appropriate Binding instance based on the HTTP method
@@ -110,6 +112,8 @@ func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
 		return TOML
 	case MIMEMultipartPOSTForm:
 		return FormMultipart
+	case MIMEBSON:
+		return BSON
 	default: // case MIMEPOSTForm:
 		return Form
 	}

binding/binding_nomsgpack.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ const (
 	MIMEYAML              = "application/x-yaml"
 	MIMEYAML2             = "application/yaml"
 	MIMETOML              = "application/toml"
+	MIMEBSON              = "application/bson"
 )
 
 // Binding describes the interface which needs to be implemented for binding the
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ var (
 	Header        = headerBinding{}
 	TOML          = tomlBinding{}
 	Plain         = plainBinding{}
+	BSON          BindingBody = bsonBinding{}
 )
 
 // Default returns the appropriate Binding instance based on the HTTP method
@@ -104,6 +106,8 @@ func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
 		return FormMultipart
 	case MIMETOML:
 		return TOML
+	case MIMEBSON:
+		return BSON
 	default: // case MIMEPOSTForm:
 		return Form
 	}

binding/binding_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/bson"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )
 
@@ -172,6 +173,9 @@ func TestBindingDefault(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.Equal(t, TOML, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMETOML))
 	assert.Equal(t, TOML, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMETOML))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, BSON, Default(http.MethodPost, MIMEBSON))
+	assert.Equal(t, BSON, Default(http.MethodPut, MIMEBSON))
 }
 
 func TestBindingJSONNilBody(t *testing.T) {
@@ -731,6 +735,18 @@ func TestBindingProtoBufFail(t *testing.T) {
 		string(data), string(data[1:]))
 }
 
+func TestBindingBSON(t *testing.T) {
+	var obj FooStruct
+	obj.Foo = "bar"
+	data, _ := bson.Marshal(&obj)
+	testBodyBinding(t,
+		BSON, "bson",
+		"/", "/",
+		string(data),
+		// note: for badbody, we remove first byte to make it invalid
+		string(data[1:]))
+}
+
 func TestValidationFails(t *testing.T) {
 	var obj FooStruct
 	req := requestWithBody(http.MethodPost, "/", `{"bar": "foo"}`)

binding/bson.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/bson"
+)
+
+type bsonBinding struct{}
+
+func (bsonBinding) Name() string {
+	return "bson"
+}
+
+func (b bsonBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj any) error {
+	buf, err := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
+	if err == nil {
+		err = b.BindBody(buf, obj)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (bsonBinding) BindBody(body []byte, obj any) error {
+	return bson.Unmarshal(body, obj)
+}

binding/default_validator.go

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (err SliceValidationError) Error() string {
 	}
 
 	var b strings.Builder
-	for i := 0; i < len(err); i++ {
+	for i := range len(err) {
 		if err[i] != nil {
 			if b.Len() > 0 {
 				b.WriteString("\n")
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (v *defaultValidator) ValidateStruct(obj any) error {
 	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 		count := value.Len()
 		validateRet := make(SliceValidationError, 0)
-		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		for i := range count {
 			if err := v.ValidateStruct(value.Index(i).Interface()); err != nil {
 				validateRet = append(validateRet, err)
 			}

binding/default_validator_benchmark_test.go

@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ func BenchmarkSliceValidationError(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		if len(e.Error()) == 0 {
 			b.Errorf("error")
 		}

binding/form_mapping.go

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 package binding
 
 import (
+	"encoding"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ func mapping(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, setter setter, tag
 		tValue := value.Type()
 
 		var isSet bool
-		for i := 0; i < value.NumField(); i++ {
+		for i := range value.NumField() {
 			sf := tValue.Field(i)
 			if sf.PkgPath != "" && !sf.Anonymous { // unexported
 				continue
@@ -136,6 +138,8 @@ func mapping(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, setter setter, tag
 type setOptions struct {
 	isDefaultExists bool
 	defaultValue    string
+	// parser specifies what interface to use for reading the request & default values (e.g. `encoding.TextUnmarshaler`)
+	parser string
 }
 
 func tryToSetValue(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, setter setter, tag string) (bool, error) {
@@ -167,6 +171,8 @@ func tryToSetValue(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, setter setter
 					setOpt.defaultValue = strings.ReplaceAll(v, ";", ",")
 				}
 			}
+		} else if k, v = head(opt, "="); k == "parser" {
+			setOpt.parser = v
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -190,6 +196,20 @@ func trySetCustom(val string, value reflect.Value) (isSet bool, err error) {
 	return false, nil
 }
 
+// trySetUsingParser tries to set a custom type value based on the presence of the "parser" tag on the field.
+// If the parser tag does not exist or does not match any of the supported parsers, gin will skip over this.
+func trySetUsingParser(val string, value reflect.Value, parser string) (isSet bool, err error) {
+	switch parser {
+	case "encoding.TextUnmarshaler":
+		v, ok := value.Addr().Interface().(encoding.TextUnmarshaler)
+		if !ok {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return true, v.UnmarshalText([]byte(val))
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
 func trySplit(vs []string, field reflect.StructField) (newVs []string, err error) {
 	cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
 	if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
@@ -207,7 +227,7 @@ func trySplit(vs []string, field reflect.StructField) (newVs []string, err error
 	case "pipes":
 		sep = "|"
 	default:
-		return vs, fmt.Errorf("%s is not supported in the collection_format. (csv, ssv, pipes)", cfTag)
+		return vs, fmt.Errorf("%s is not supported in the collection_format. (multi, csv, ssv, tsv, pipes)", cfTag)
 	}
 
 	totalLength := 0
@@ -230,9 +250,12 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 
 	switch value.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Slice:
-		if !ok {
-			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+		if len(vs) == 0 {
+			if !opt.isDefaultExists {
+				return false, nil
+			}
 
+			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
 			// pre-process the default value for multi if present
 			cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
 			if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
@@ -240,7 +263,9 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ok, err = trySetCustom(vs[0], value); ok {
+		if ok, err = trySetUsingParser(vs[0], value, opt.parser); ok {
+			return ok, err
+		} else if ok, err = trySetCustom(vs[0], value); ok {
 			return ok, err
 		}
 
@@ -248,11 +273,14 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 			return false, err
 		}
 
-		return true, setSlice(vs, value, field)
+		return true, setSlice(vs, value, field, opt)
 	case reflect.Array:
-		if !ok {
-			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
+		if len(vs) == 0 {
+			if !opt.isDefaultExists {
+				return false, nil
+			}
 
+			vs = []string{opt.defaultValue}
 			// pre-process the default value for multi if present
 			cfTag := field.Tag.Get("collection_format")
 			if cfTag == "" || cfTag == "multi" {
@@ -260,7 +288,9 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ok, err = trySetCustom(vs[0], value); ok {
+		if ok, err = trySetUsingParser(vs[0], value, opt.parser); ok {
+			return ok, err
+		} else if ok, err = trySetCustom(vs[0], value); ok {
 			return ok, err
 		}
 
@@ -272,27 +302,37 @@ func setByForm(value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, form map[string][
 			return false, fmt.Errorf("%q is not valid value for %s", vs, value.Type().String())
 		}
 
-		return true, setArray(vs, value, field)
+		return true, setArray(vs, value, field, opt)
 	default:
 		var val string
-		if !ok {
+		if !ok || len(vs) == 0 || (len(vs) > 0 && vs[0] == "") {
 			val = opt.defaultValue
+		} else if len(vs) > 0 {
+			val = vs[0]
 		}
 
-		if len(vs) > 0 {
-			val = vs[0]
-			if val == "" {
-				val = opt.defaultValue
-			}
-		}
-		if ok, err := trySetCustom(val, value); ok {
+		if ok, err = trySetUsingParser(val, value, opt.parser); ok {
+			return ok, err
+		} else if ok, err = trySetCustom(val, value); ok {
 			return ok, err
 		}
-		return true, setWithProperType(val, value, field)
+		return true, setWithProperType(val, value, field, opt)
 	}
 }
 
-func setWithProperType(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+func setWithProperType(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, opt setOptions) error {
+	// this if-check is required for parsing nested types like []MyId, where MyId is [12]byte
+	if ok, err := trySetUsingParser(val, value, opt.parser); ok {
+		return err
+	} else if ok, err = trySetCustom(val, value); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// If it is a string type, no spaces are removed, and the user data is not modified here
+	if value.Kind() != reflect.String {
+		val = strings.TrimSpace(val)
+	}
+
 	switch value.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Int:
 		return setIntField(val, 0, value)
@@ -340,7 +380,7 @@ func setWithProperType(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructFiel
 		if !value.Elem().IsValid() {
 			value.Set(reflect.New(value.Type().Elem()))
 		}
-		return setWithProperType(val, value.Elem(), field)
+		return setWithProperType(val, value.Elem(), field, opt)
 	default:
 		return errUnknownType
 	}
@@ -397,6 +437,11 @@ func setTimeField(val string, structField reflect.StructField, value reflect.Val
 		timeFormat = time.RFC3339
 	}
 
+	if val == "" {
+		value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{}))
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	switch tf := strings.ToLower(timeFormat); tf {
 	case "unix", "unixmilli", "unixmicro", "unixnano":
 		tv, err := strconv.ParseInt(val, 10, 64)
@@ -420,11 +465,6 @@ func setTimeField(val string, structField reflect.StructField, value reflect.Val
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if val == "" {
-		value.Set(reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{}))
-		return nil
-	}
-
 	l := time.Local
 	if isUTC, _ := strconv.ParseBool(structField.Tag.Get("time_utc")); isUTC {
 		l = time.UTC
@@ -447,9 +487,9 @@ func setTimeField(val string, structField reflect.StructField, value reflect.Val
 	return nil
 }
 
-func setArray(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+func setArray(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, opt setOptions) error {
 	for i, s := range vals {
-		err := setWithProperType(s, value.Index(i), field)
+		err := setWithProperType(s, value.Index(i), field, opt)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -457,9 +497,9 @@ func setArray(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) err
 	return nil
 }
 
-func setSlice(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) error {
+func setSlice(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField, opt setOptions) error {
 	slice := reflect.MakeSlice(value.Type(), len(vals), len(vals))
-	err := setArray(vals, slice, field)
+	err := setArray(vals, slice, field, opt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -468,6 +508,10 @@ func setSlice(vals []string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructField) err
 }
 
 func setTimeDuration(val string, value reflect.Value) error {
+	if val == "" {
+		val = "0"
+	}
+
 	d, err := time.ParseDuration(val)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -489,9 +533,7 @@ func setFormMap(ptr any, form map[string][]string) error {
 		if !ok {
 			return ErrConvertMapStringSlice
 		}
-		for k, v := range form {
-			ptrMap[k] = v
-		}
+		maps.Copy(ptrMap, form)
 
 		return nil
 	}

binding/form_mapping_benchmark_test.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ type structFull struct {
 
 func BenchmarkMapFormFull(b *testing.B) {
 	var s structFull
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		err := mapForm(&s, form)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("Error on a form mapping")
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ type structName struct {
 
 func BenchmarkMapFormName(b *testing.B) {
 	var s structName
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		err := mapForm(&s, form)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("Error on a form mapping")

binding/form_mapping_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 package binding
 
 import (
+	"encoding"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"mime/multipart"
@@ -226,7 +227,35 @@ func TestMappingTime(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
+type bindTestData struct {
+	need any
+	got  any
+	in   map[string][]string
+}
+
+func TestMappingTimeUnixNano(t *testing.T) {
+	type needFixUnixNanoEmpty struct {
+		CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
+	}
+
+	// ok
+	tests := []bindTestData{
+		{need: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, got: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, in: formSource{"createTime": []string{"   "}}},
+		{need: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, got: &needFixUnixNanoEmpty{}, in: formSource{"createTime": []string{}}},
+	}
+
+	for _, v := range tests {
+		err := mapForm(v.got, v.in)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, v.need, v.got)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestMappingTimeDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	type needFixDurationEmpty struct {
+		Duration time.Duration `form:"duration"`
+	}
+
 	var s struct {
 		D time.Duration
 	}
@@ -236,6 +265,17 @@ func TestMappingTimeDuration(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 5*time.Second, s.D)
 
+	// ok
+	tests := []bindTestData{
+		{need: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, got: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, in: formSource{"duration": []string{"   "}}},
+		{need: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, got: &needFixDurationEmpty{}, in: formSource{"duration": []string{}}},
+	}
+
+	for _, v := range tests {
+		err := mapForm(v.got, v.in)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, v.need, v.got)
+	}
 	// error
 	err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"D": {"wrong"}}, "form")
 	require.Error(t, err)
@@ -485,6 +525,16 @@ func TestMappingCustomUnmarshalParamHexWithURITag(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.EqualValues(t, 245, s.Foo)
 }
 
+func TestMappingCustomUnmarshalParamHexDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Foo customUnmarshalParamHex `form:"foo,default=f5"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"foo": {}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 0xf5, s.Foo)
+}
+
 type customUnmarshalParamType struct {
 	Protocol string
 	Path     string
@@ -585,6 +635,33 @@ func TestMappingCustomSliceForm(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "foo", s.FileData[1])
 }
 
+func TestMappingCustomSliceStopsWhenError(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customPath `form:"path"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {"invalid"}}, "form")
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid format")
+	require.Empty(t, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceOfSliceUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []customPath `uri:"path" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {"bar/foo,bar/foo/spam"}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []customPath{{"bar", "foo"}, {"bar", "foo", "spam"}}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceOfSliceForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []customPath `form:"path" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {"bar/foo,bar/foo/spam"}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []customPath{{"bar", "foo"}, {"bar", "foo", "spam"}}, s.FileData)
+}
+
 type objectID [12]byte
 
 func (o *objectID) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
@@ -635,3 +712,435 @@ func TestMappingCustomArrayForm(t *testing.T) {
 	expected, _ := convertTo(val)
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, s.FileData)
 }
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayOfArrayUri(t *testing.T) {
+	id1, _ := convertTo(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e`)
+	id2, _ := convertTo(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`)
+
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []objectID `uri:"ids" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"ids": {`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e,664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []objectID{id1, id2}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayOfArrayForm(t *testing.T) {
+	id1, _ := convertTo(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e`)
+	id2, _ := convertTo(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`)
+
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []objectID `form:"ids" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"ids": {`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e,664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []objectID{id1, id2}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+// ====  TextUnmarshaler tests START ====
+
+type customUnmarshalTextHex int
+
+func (f *customUnmarshalTextHex) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	v, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(text), 16, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*f = customUnmarshalTextHex(v)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verify type implements TextUnmarshaler
+var _ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*customUnmarshalTextHex)(nil)
+
+func TestMappingCustomUnmarshalTextHexUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Field customUnmarshalTextHex `uri:"field,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"field": {`f5`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 245, s.Field)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomUnmarshalTextHexForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Field customUnmarshalTextHex `form:"field,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"field": {`f5`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 245, s.Field)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomUnmarshalTextHexDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Field customUnmarshalTextHex `form:"field,default=f5,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"field1": {}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 0xf5, s.Field)
+}
+
+type customUnmarshalTextType struct {
+	Protocol string
+	Path     string
+	Name     string
+}
+
+func (f *customUnmarshalTextType) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	parts := strings.Split(string(text), ":")
+	if len(parts) != 3 {
+		return errors.New("invalid format")
+	}
+	f.Protocol = parts[0]
+	f.Path = parts[1]
+	f.Name = parts[2]
+	return nil
+}
+
+var _ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*customUnmarshalTextType)(nil)
+
+func TestMappingCustomStructTypeUnmarshalTextForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customUnmarshalTextType `form:"data,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomStructTypeUnmarshalTextUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customUnmarshalTextType `uri:"data,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomPointerStructTypeUnmarshalTextForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData *customUnmarshalTextType `form:"data,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomPointerStructTypeUnmarshalTextUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData *customUnmarshalTextType `uri:"data,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"data": {`file:/foo:happiness`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", s.FileData.Protocol)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/foo", s.FileData.Path)
+	assert.Equal(t, "happiness", s.FileData.Name)
+}
+
+type customPathUnmarshalText []string
+
+func (p *customPathUnmarshalText) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	elems := strings.Split(string(text), "/")
+	n := len(elems)
+	if n < 2 {
+		return errors.New("invalid format")
+	}
+
+	*p = elems
+	return nil
+}
+
+var _ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*customPathUnmarshalText)(nil)
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceUnmarshalTextUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customPathUnmarshalText `uri:"path,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {`bar/foo`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", s.FileData[0])
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", s.FileData[1])
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceUnmarshalTextForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customPathUnmarshalText `form:"path,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {`bar/foo`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", s.FileData[0])
+	assert.Equal(t, "foo", s.FileData[1])
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceUnmarshalTextStopsWhenError(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData customPathUnmarshalText `form:"path,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {"invalid"}}, "form")
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "invalid format")
+	require.Empty(t, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceOfSliceUnmarshalTextUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []customPathUnmarshalText `uri:"path,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {"bar/foo,bar/foo/spam"}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []customPathUnmarshalText{{"bar", "foo"}, {"bar", "foo", "spam"}}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceOfSliceUnmarshalTextForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []customPathUnmarshalText `form:"path,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {"bar/foo,bar/foo/spam"}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []customPathUnmarshalText{{"bar", "foo"}, {"bar", "foo", "spam"}}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomSliceOfSliceUnmarshalTextDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []customPathUnmarshalText `form:"path,default=bar/foo;bar/foo/spam,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"path": {}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []customPathUnmarshalText{{"bar", "foo"}, {"bar", "foo", "spam"}}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+type objectIDUnmarshalText [12]byte
+
+func (o *objectIDUnmarshalText) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	oid, err := convertToOidUnmarshalText(string(text))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	*o = oid
+	return nil
+}
+
+func convertToOidUnmarshalText(s string) (objectIDUnmarshalText, error) {
+	oid, err := convertTo(s)
+	return objectIDUnmarshalText(oid), err
+}
+
+var _ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*objectIDUnmarshalText)(nil)
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayUnmarshalTextUri(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData objectIDUnmarshalText `uri:"id,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	val := `664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"id": {val}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(val)
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayUnmarshalTextForm(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		FileData objectIDUnmarshalText `form:"id,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	val := `664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"id": {val}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(val)
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayOfArrayUnmarshalTextUri(t *testing.T) {
+	id1, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e`)
+	id2, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`)
+
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []objectIDUnmarshalText `uri:"ids,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"ids": {`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e,664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`}}, "uri")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []objectIDUnmarshalText{id1, id2}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayOfArrayUnmarshalTextForm(t *testing.T) {
+	id1, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e`)
+	id2, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`)
+
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []objectIDUnmarshalText `form:"ids,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"ids": {`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e,664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []objectIDUnmarshalText{id1, id2}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+func TestMappingCustomArrayOfArrayUnmarshalTextDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	id1, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e`)
+	id2, _ := convertToOidUnmarshalText(`664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f`)
+
+	var s struct {
+		FileData []objectIDUnmarshalText `form:"ids,default=664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80e;664a062ac74a8ad104e0e80f,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler" collection_format:"csv"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"ids": {}}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []objectIDUnmarshalText{id1, id2}, s.FileData)
+}
+
+// If someone specifies parser=TextUnmarshaler and it's not defined for the type, gin should revert to using its default
+// binding logic.
+func TestMappingUsingBindUnmarshalerAndTextUnmarshalerWhenOnlyBindUnmarshalerDefined(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Hex                customUnmarshalParamHex `form:"hex"`
+		HexByUnmarshalText customUnmarshalParamHex `form:"hex2,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{
+		"hex":  {`f5`},
+		"hex2": {`f5`},
+	}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 0xf5, s.Hex)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 0xf5, s.HexByUnmarshalText) // reverts to BindUnmarshaler binding
+}
+
+// If someone does not specify parser=TextUnmarshaler even when it's defined for the type, gin should ignore the
+// UnmarshalText logic and continue using its default binding logic. (This ensures gin does not break backwards
+// compatibility)
+func TestMappingUsingBindUnmarshalerAndTextUnmarshalerWhenOnlyTextUnmarshalerDefined(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Hex                customUnmarshalTextHex `form:"hex"`
+		HexByUnmarshalText customUnmarshalTextHex `form:"hex2,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{
+		"hex":  {`11`},
+		"hex2": {`11`},
+	}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 11, s.Hex)                  // this is using default int binding, not our custom hex binding. 0x11 should be 17 in decimal
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 0x11, s.HexByUnmarshalText) // correct expected value for normal hex binding
+}
+
+type customHexUnmarshalParamAndUnmarshalText int
+
+func (f *customHexUnmarshalParamAndUnmarshalText) UnmarshalParam(param string) error {
+	return errors.New("should not be called in unit test if parser tag present")
+}
+
+func (f *customHexUnmarshalParamAndUnmarshalText) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	v, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(text), 16, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*f = customHexUnmarshalParamAndUnmarshalText(v)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// If a type has both UnmarshalParam and UnmarshalText methods defined, but the parser tag is set to TextUnmarshaler,
+// then only the UnmarshalText method should be invoked.
+func TestMappingUsingTextUnmarshalerWhenBindUnmarshalerAlsoDefined(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		Hex customHexUnmarshalParamAndUnmarshalText `form:"hex,parser=encoding.TextUnmarshaler"`
+	}
+	err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{
+		"hex": {`f5`},
+	}, "form")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 0xf5, s.Hex)
+}
+
+// ====  TextUnmarshaler tests END ====
+
+func TestMappingEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("slice with default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Slice []int `form:"slice,default=5"`
+		}
+
+		// field not present
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{5}, s.Slice)
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{5}, s.Slice)
+
+		// field present with values
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {"1", "2", "3"}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.Slice)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("array with default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Array [1]int `form:"array,default=5"`
+		}
+
+		// field not present
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{5}, s.Array)
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{5}, s.Array)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice without default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Slice []int `form:"slice"`
+		}
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int(nil), s.Slice)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("array without default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			Array [1]int `form:"array"`
+		}
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"array": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, [1]int{0}, s.Array)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("slice with collection format", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var s struct {
+			SliceMulti []int `form:"slice_multi,default=1;2;3" collection_format:"multi"`
+			SliceCsv   []int `form:"slice_csv,default=1;2;3" collection_format:"csv"`
+		}
+
+		// field not present
+		err := mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceMulti)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceCsv)
+
+		// field present but empty
+		err = mappingByPtr(&s, formSource{"slice_multi": {}, "slice_csv": {}}, "form")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceMulti)
+		assert.Equal(t, []int{1, 2, 3}, s.SliceCsv)
+	})
+}

context.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log"
+	"maps"
 	"math"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net"
@@ -38,6 +39,8 @@ const (
 	MIMEYAML              = binding.MIMEYAML
 	MIMEYAML2             = binding.MIMEYAML2
 	MIMETOML              = binding.MIMETOML
+	MIMEPROTOBUF          = binding.MIMEPROTOBUF
+	MIMEBSON              = binding.MIMEBSON
 )
 
 // BodyBytesKey indicates a default body bytes key.
@@ -130,11 +133,8 @@ func (c *Context) Copy() *Context {
 	cp.fullPath = c.fullPath
 
 	cKeys := c.Keys
-	cp.Keys = make(map[any]any, len(cKeys))
 	c.mu.RLock()
-	for k, v := range cKeys {
-		cp.Keys[k] = v
-	}
+	cp.Keys = maps.Clone(cKeys)
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	cParams := c.Params
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func (c *Context) FullPath() string {
 // See example in GitHub.
 func (c *Context) Next() {
 	c.index++
-	for c.index < int8(len(c.handlers)) {
+	for c.index < safeInt8(len(c.handlers)) {
 		if c.handlers[c.index] != nil {
 			c.handlers[c.index](c)
 		}
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func (c *Context) Error(err error) *Error {
 /************************************/
 
 // Set is used to store a new key/value pair exclusively for this context.
-// It also lazy initializes  c.Keys if it was not used previously.
+// It also lazy initializes c.Keys if it was not used previously.
 func (c *Context) Set(key any, value any) {
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	defer c.mu.Unlock()
@@ -308,165 +308,185 @@ func getTyped[T any](c *Context, key any) (res T) {
 }
 
 // GetString returns the value associated with the key as a string.
-func (c *Context) GetString(key any) (s string) {
+func (c *Context) GetString(key any) string {
 	return getTyped[string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetBool returns the value associated with the key as a boolean.
-func (c *Context) GetBool(key any) (b bool) {
+func (c *Context) GetBool(key any) bool {
 	return getTyped[bool](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
-func (c *Context) GetInt(key any) (i int) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt(key any) int {
 	return getTyped[int](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt8 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 8.
-func (c *Context) GetInt8(key any) (i8 int8) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt8(key any) int8 {
 	return getTyped[int8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt16 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 16.
-func (c *Context) GetInt16(key any) (i16 int16) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt16(key any) int16 {
 	return getTyped[int16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt32 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 32.
-func (c *Context) GetInt32(key any) (i32 int32) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt32(key any) int32 {
 	return getTyped[int32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt64 returns the value associated with the key as an integer 64.
-func (c *Context) GetInt64(key any) (i64 int64) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt64(key any) int64 {
 	return getTyped[int64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
-func (c *Context) GetUint(key any) (ui uint) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint(key any) uint {
 	return getTyped[uint](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint8 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 8.
-func (c *Context) GetUint8(key any) (ui8 uint8) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint8(key any) uint8 {
 	return getTyped[uint8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint16 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 16.
-func (c *Context) GetUint16(key any) (ui16 uint16) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint16(key any) uint16 {
 	return getTyped[uint16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint32 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 32.
-func (c *Context) GetUint32(key any) (ui32 uint32) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint32(key any) uint32 {
 	return getTyped[uint32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint64 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer 64.
-func (c *Context) GetUint64(key any) (ui64 uint64) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint64(key any) uint64 {
 	return getTyped[uint64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat32 returns the value associated with the key as a float32.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat32(key any) (f32 float32) {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat32(key any) float32 {
 	return getTyped[float32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat64 returns the value associated with the key as a float64.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat64(key any) (f64 float64) {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat64(key any) float64 {
 	return getTyped[float64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetTime returns the value associated with the key as time.
-func (c *Context) GetTime(key any) (t time.Time) {
+func (c *Context) GetTime(key any) time.Time {
 	return getTyped[time.Time](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetDuration returns the value associated with the key as a duration.
-func (c *Context) GetDuration(key any) (d time.Duration) {
+func (c *Context) GetDuration(key any) time.Duration {
 	return getTyped[time.Duration](c, key)
 }
 
+// GetError returns the value associated with the key as an error.
+func (c *Context) GetError(key any) error {
+	return getTyped[error](c, key)
+}
+
 // GetIntSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of integers.
-func (c *Context) GetIntSlice(key any) (is []int) {
+func (c *Context) GetIntSlice(key any) []int {
 	return getTyped[[]int](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt8Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int8 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt8Slice(key any) (i8s []int8) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt8Slice(key any) []int8 {
 	return getTyped[[]int8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt16Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int16 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt16Slice(key any) (i16s []int16) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt16Slice(key any) []int16 {
 	return getTyped[[]int16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int32 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt32Slice(key any) (i32s []int32) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt32Slice(key any) []int32 {
 	return getTyped[[]int32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetInt64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int64 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetInt64Slice(key any) (i64s []int64) {
+func (c *Context) GetInt64Slice(key any) []int64 {
 	return getTyped[[]int64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUintSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of unsigned integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUintSlice(key any) (uis []uint) {
+func (c *Context) GetUintSlice(key any) []uint {
 	return getTyped[[]uint](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint8Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint8 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint8Slice(key any) (ui8s []uint8) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint8Slice(key any) []uint8 {
 	return getTyped[[]uint8](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint16Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint16 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint16Slice(key any) (ui16s []uint16) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint16Slice(key any) []uint16 {
 	return getTyped[[]uint16](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint32 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint32Slice(key any) (ui32s []uint32) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint32Slice(key any) []uint32 {
 	return getTyped[[]uint32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetUint64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of uint64 integers.
-func (c *Context) GetUint64Slice(key any) (ui64s []uint64) {
+func (c *Context) GetUint64Slice(key any) []uint64 {
 	return getTyped[[]uint64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat32Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of float32 numbers.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat32Slice(key any) (f32s []float32) {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat32Slice(key any) []float32 {
 	return getTyped[[]float32](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetFloat64Slice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of float64 numbers.
-func (c *Context) GetFloat64Slice(key any) (f64s []float64) {
+func (c *Context) GetFloat64Slice(key any) []float64 {
 	return getTyped[[]float64](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key any) (ss []string) {
+func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key any) []string {
 	return getTyped[[]string](c, key)
 }
 
+// GetErrorSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of errors.
+func (c *Context) GetErrorSlice(key any) []error {
+	return getTyped[[]error](c, key)
+}
+
 // GetStringMap returns the value associated with the key as a map of interfaces.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key any) (sm map[string]any) {
+func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key any) map[string]any {
 	return getTyped[map[string]any](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMapString returns the value associated with the key as a map of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMapString(key any) (sms map[string]string) {
+func (c *Context) GetStringMapString(key any) map[string]string {
 	return getTyped[map[string]string](c, key)
 }
 
 // GetStringMapStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a map to a slice of strings.
-func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key any) (smss map[string][]string) {
+func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key any) map[string][]string {
 	return getTyped[map[string][]string](c, key)
 }
 
+// Delete deletes the key from the Context's Key map, if it exists.
+// This operation is safe to be used by concurrent go-routines
+func (c *Context) Delete(key any) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if c.Keys != nil {
+		delete(c.Keys, key)
+	}
+}
+
 /************************************/
 /************ INPUT DATA ************/
 /************************************/
@@ -731,8 +751,8 @@ func (c *Context) SaveUploadedFile(file *multipart.FileHeader, dst string, perm
 //	"application/json" --> JSON binding
 //	"application/xml"  --> XML binding
 //
-// It parses the request's body as JSON if Content-Type == "application/json" using JSON or XML as a JSON input.
-// It decodes the json payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
+// It parses the request's body based on the Content-Type (e.g., JSON or XML).
+// It decodes the payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
 // It writes a 400 error and sets Content-Type header "text/plain" in the response if input is not valid.
 func (c *Context) Bind(obj any) error {
 	b := binding.Default(c.Request.Method, c.ContentType())
@@ -812,8 +832,8 @@ func (c *Context) MustBindWith(obj any, b binding.Binding) error {
 //	"application/json" --> JSON binding
 //	"application/xml"  --> XML binding
 //
-// It parses the request's body as JSON if Content-Type == "application/json" using JSON or XML as a JSON input.
-// It decodes the json payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
+// It parses the request's body based on the Content-Type (e.g., JSON or XML).
+// It decodes the payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
 // Like c.Bind() but this method does not set the response status code to 400 or abort if input is not valid.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBind(obj any) error {
 	b := binding.Default(c.Request.Method, c.ContentType())
@@ -821,41 +841,71 @@ func (c *Context) ShouldBind(obj any) error {
 }
 
 // ShouldBindJSON is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON).
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	POST /user
+//	Content-Type: application/json
+//
+//	Request Body:
+//	{
+//		"name": "Manu",
+//		"age": 20
+//	}
+//
+//	type User struct {
+//		Name string `json:"name"`
+//		Age  int    `json:"age"`
+//	}
+//
+//	var user User
+//	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&user); err != nil {
+//		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+//		return
+//	}
+//	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, user)
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindJSON(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindXML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds the request body as XML data.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindXML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindQuery is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds query parameters from the URL.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindQuery(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindYAML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds the request body as YAML data.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindYAML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindTOML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.TOML).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds the request body as TOML data.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindTOML(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.TOML)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindPlain is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Plain).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds plain text data from the request body.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindPlain(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Plain)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindHeader is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds values from HTTP headers.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindHeader(obj any) error {
 	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
 }
 
 // ShouldBindUri binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
+// It works like ShouldBindJSON but binds parameters from the URI.
 func (c *Context) ShouldBindUri(obj any) error {
 	m := make(map[string][]string, len(c.Params))
 	for _, v := range c.Params {
@@ -939,18 +989,32 @@ func (c *Context) ClientIP() string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// It also checks if the remoteIP is a trusted proxy or not.
-	// In order to perform this validation, it will see if the IP is contained within at least one of the CIDR blocks
-	// defined by Engine.SetTrustedProxies()
-	remoteIP := net.ParseIP(c.RemoteIP())
-	if remoteIP == nil {
-		return ""
+	var (
+		trusted  bool
+		remoteIP net.IP
+	)
+	// If gin is listening a unix socket, always trust it.
+	localAddr, ok := c.Request.Context().Value(http.LocalAddrContextKey).(net.Addr)
+	if ok && strings.HasPrefix(localAddr.Network(), "unix") {
+		trusted = true
+	}
+
+	// Fallback
+	if !trusted {
+		// It also checks if the remoteIP is a trusted proxy or not.
+		// In order to perform this validation, it will see if the IP is contained within at least one of the CIDR blocks
+		// defined by Engine.SetTrustedProxies()
+		remoteIP = net.ParseIP(c.RemoteIP())
+		if remoteIP == nil {
+			return ""
+		}
+		trusted = c.engine.isTrustedProxy(remoteIP)
 	}
-	trusted := c.engine.isTrustedProxy(remoteIP)
 
 	if trusted && c.engine.ForwardedByClientIP && c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders != nil {
 		for _, headerName := range c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders {
-			ip, valid := c.engine.validateHeader(c.requestHeader(headerName))
+			headerValue := strings.Join(c.Request.Header.Values(headerName), ",")
+			ip, valid := c.engine.validateHeader(headerValue)
 			if valid {
 				return ip
 			}
@@ -992,9 +1056,10 @@ func (c *Context) requestHeader(key string) string {
 /************************************/
 
 // bodyAllowedForStatus is a copy of http.bodyAllowedForStatus non-exported function.
+// Uses http.StatusContinue constant for better code clarity.
 func bodyAllowedForStatus(status int) bool {
 	switch {
-	case status >= 100 && status <= 199:
+	case status >= http.StatusContinue && status < http.StatusOK:
 		return false
 	case status == http.StatusNoContent:
 		return false
@@ -1159,6 +1224,12 @@ func (c *Context) XML(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.XML{Data: obj})
 }
 
+// PDF writes the given PDF binary data into the response body.
+// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/pdf".
+func (c *Context) PDF(code int, data []byte) {
+	c.Render(code, render.PDF{Data: data})
+}
+
 // YAML serializes the given struct as YAML into the response body.
 func (c *Context) YAML(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.YAML{Data: obj})
@@ -1174,6 +1245,11 @@ func (c *Context) ProtoBuf(code int, obj any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.ProtoBuf{Data: obj})
 }
 
+// BSON serializes the given struct as BSON into the response body.
+func (c *Context) BSON(code int, obj any) {
+	c.Render(code, render.BSON{Data: obj})
+}
+
 // String writes the given string into the response body.
 func (c *Context) String(code int, format string, values ...any) {
 	c.Render(code, render.String{Format: format, Data: values})
@@ -1272,14 +1348,16 @@ func (c *Context) Stream(step func(w io.Writer) bool) bool {
 
 // Negotiate contains all negotiations data.
 type Negotiate struct {
-	Offered  []string
-	HTMLName string
-	HTMLData any
-	JSONData any
-	XMLData  any
-	YAMLData any
-	Data     any
-	TOMLData any
+	Offered      []string
+	HTMLName     string
+	HTMLData     any
+	JSONData     any
+	XMLData      any
+	YAMLData     any
+	Data         any
+	TOMLData     any
+	PROTOBUFData any
+	BSONData     any
 }
 
 // Negotiate calls different Render according to acceptable Accept format.
@@ -1305,6 +1383,14 @@ func (c *Context) Negotiate(code int, config Negotiate) {
 		data := chooseData(config.TOMLData, config.Data)
 		c.TOML(code, data)
 
+	case binding.MIMEPROTOBUF:
+		data := chooseData(config.PROTOBUFData, config.Data)
+		c.ProtoBuf(code, data)
+
+	case binding.MIMEBSON:
+		data := chooseData(config.BSONData, config.Data)
+		c.BSON(code, data)
+
 	default:
 		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusNotAcceptable, errors.New("the accepted formats are not offered by the server")) //nolint: errcheck
 	}

context_test.go

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	testdata "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/bson"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )
 
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@ func TestContextReset(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors.Errors())
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Errors.ByType(ErrorTypeAny))
 	assert.Empty(t, c.Params)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, c.index, -1)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, -1, c.index)
 	assert.Equal(t, c.Writer.(*responseWriter), &c.writermem)
 }
 
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ func TestContextSetGetValues(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Set("intInterface", a)
 
 	assert.Exactly(t, "this is a string", c.MustGet("string").(string))
-	assert.Exactly(t, c.MustGet("int32").(int32), int32(-42))
+	assert.Exactly(t, int32(-42), c.MustGet("int32").(int32))
 	assert.Exactly(t, int64(42424242424242), c.MustGet("int64").(int64))
 	assert.Exactly(t, uint64(42), c.MustGet("uint64").(uint64))
 	assert.InDelta(t, float32(4.2), c.MustGet("float32").(float32), 0.01)
@@ -404,6 +405,19 @@ func TestContextSetGetBool(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool"))
 }
 
+func TestSetGetDelete(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "example-key"
+	value := "example-value"
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	val, exists := c.Get(key)
+	assert.True(t, exists)
+	assert.Equal(t, val, value)
+	c.Delete(key)
+	_, exists = c.Get(key)
+	assert.False(t, exists)
+}
+
 func TestContextGetInt(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	c.Set("int", 1)
@@ -503,6 +517,14 @@ func TestContextGetDuration(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Second, c.GetDuration("duration"))
 }
 
+func TestContextGetError(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "error"
+	value := errors.New("test error")
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetError(key))
+}
+
 func TestContextGetIntSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	key := "int-slice"
@@ -605,6 +627,14 @@ func TestContextGetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"foo"}, c.GetStringSlice("slice"))
 }
 
+func TestContextGetErrorSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	key := "error-slice"
+	value := []error{errors.New("error1"), errors.New("error2")}
+	c.Set(key, value)
+	assert.Equal(t, value, c.GetErrorSlice(key))
+}
+
 func TestContextGetStringMap(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
 	m := make(map[string]any)
@@ -1001,6 +1031,7 @@ func TestContextGetCookie(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestContextBodyAllowedForStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.False(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusContinue))
 	assert.False(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusProcessing))
 	assert.False(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNoContent))
 	assert.False(t, bodyAllowedForStatus(http.StatusNotModified))
@@ -1130,6 +1161,37 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentIndentedJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+func TestContextClientIPWithMultipleHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+
+	// Multiple X-Forwarded-For headers
+	c.Request.Header.Add("X-Forwarded-For", "1.2.3.4, "+localhostIP)
+	c.Request.Header.Add("X-Forwarded-For", "5.6.7.8")
+	c.Request.RemoteAddr = localhostIP + ":1234"
+
+	c.engine.ForwardedByClientIP = true
+	c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders = []string{"X-Forwarded-For"}
+	_ = c.engine.SetTrustedProxies([]string{localhostIP})
+
+	// Should return 5.6.7.8 (last non-trusted IP)
+	assert.Equal(t, "5.6.7.8", c.ClientIP())
+}
+
+func TestContextClientIPWithSingleHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	c.Request.Header.Set("X-Forwarded-For", "1.2.3.4, "+localhostIP)
+	c.Request.RemoteAddr = localhostIP + ":1234"
+
+	c.engine.ForwardedByClientIP = true
+	c.engine.RemoteIPHeaders = []string{"X-Forwarded-For"}
+	_ = c.engine.SetTrustedProxies([]string{localhostIP})
+
+	// Should return 1.2.3.4
+	assert.Equal(t, "1.2.3.4", c.ClientIP())
+}
+
 // Tests that the response is serialized as Secure JSON
 // and Content-Type is set to application/json
 func TestContextRenderSecureJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1233,7 +1295,7 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentHTML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
-// TestContextXML tests that the response is serialized as XML
+// TestContextRenderXML tests that the response is serialized as XML
 // and Content-Type is set to application/xml
 func TestContextRenderXML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -1258,6 +1320,33 @@ func TestContextRenderNoContentXML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/xml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+// TestContextRenderPDF tests that the response is serialized as PDF
+// and Content-Type is set to application/pdf
+func TestContextRenderPDF(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	data := []byte("%Test pdf content")
+	c.PDF(http.StatusCreated, data)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, data, w.Body.Bytes())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/pdf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+// Tests that no PDF is rendered if code is 204
+func TestContextRenderNoContentPDF(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	data := []byte("%Test pdf content")
+	c.PDF(http.StatusNoContent, data)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNoContent, w.Code)
+	assert.Empty(t, w.Body.Bytes())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/pdf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
 // TestContextRenderString tests that the response is returned
 // with Content-Type set to text/plain
 func TestContextRenderString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1615,6 +1704,49 @@ func TestContextNegotiationWithHTML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/html; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+func TestContextNegotiationWithPROTOBUF(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
+
+	reps := []int64{int64(1), int64(2)}
+	label := "test"
+	data := &testdata.Test{
+		Label: &label,
+		Reps:  reps,
+	}
+
+	c.Negotiate(http.StatusCreated, Negotiate{
+		Offered: []string{MIMEPROTOBUF, MIMEJSON, MIMEXML},
+		Data:    data,
+	})
+
+	// Marshal original data for comparison
+	protoData, err := proto.Marshal(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(protoData), w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/x-protobuf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+func TestContextNegotiationWithBSON(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "", nil)
+
+	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
+		Offered: []string{MIMEBSON, MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMEYAML, MIMEYAML2},
+		Data:    H{"foo": "bar"},
+	})
+
+	bData, _ := bson.Marshal(H{"foo": "bar"})
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(bData), w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/bson", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
 func TestContextNegotiationNotSupport(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
@@ -1845,6 +1977,16 @@ func TestContextClientIP(t *testing.T) {
 	c.engine.trustedCIDRs, _ = c.engine.prepareTrustedCIDRs()
 	resetContextForClientIPTests(c)
 
+	// unix address
+	addr := &net.UnixAddr{Net: "unix", Name: "@"}
+	c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(context.WithValue(c.Request.Context(), http.LocalAddrContextKey, addr))
+	c.Request.RemoteAddr = addr.String()
+	assert.Equal(t, "20.20.20.20", c.ClientIP())
+
+	// reset
+	c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(context.Background())
+	resetContextForClientIPTests(c)
+
 	// Legacy tests (validating that the defaults don't break the
 	// (insecure!) old behaviour)
 	assert.Equal(t, "20.20.20.20", c.ClientIP())
@@ -1871,7 +2013,7 @@ func TestContextClientIP(t *testing.T) {
 	resetContextForClientIPTests(c)
 
 	// IPv6 support
-	c.Request.RemoteAddr = "[::1]:12345"
+	c.Request.RemoteAddr = fmt.Sprintf("[%s]:12345", localhostIPv6)
 	assert.Equal(t, "20.20.20.20", c.ClientIP())
 
 	resetContextForClientIPTests(c)
@@ -2833,6 +2975,16 @@ func TestContextGetRawData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "Fetch binary post data", string(data))
 }
 
+func TestContextGetRawDataNilBody(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
+
+	data, err := c.GetRawData()
+	assert.Nil(t, data)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cannot read nil body", err.Error())
+}
+
 func TestContextRenderDataFromReader(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
@@ -3173,7 +3325,7 @@ func TestContextCopyShouldNotCancel(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	addr := strings.Split(l.Addr().String(), ":")
-	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%s/", addr[len(addr)-1]))
+	res, err := http.Get(fmt.Sprintf("http://%s:%s/", localhostIP, addr[len(addr)-1]))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(fmt.Errorf("request error: %w", err))
 		return
@@ -3320,7 +3472,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Max-Age=1")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 
 	// Test that when Path is empty, "/" is automatically set
@@ -3341,7 +3493,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Max-Age=1")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 
 	// Test additional cookie attributes (Expires)
@@ -3364,7 +3516,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 
 	// Test for Partitioned attribute (Go 1.18+)
@@ -3384,7 +3536,7 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Domain=localhost")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "HttpOnly")
 	assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "Secure")
-	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.23+ as it's the default
+	// SameSite=Lax might be omitted in Go 1.24+ as it's the default
 	// assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Lax")
 	// Not testing for Partitioned attribute as it may not be supported in all Go versions
 
@@ -3421,6 +3573,24 @@ func TestContextSetCookieData(t *testing.T) {
 		setCookie := c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
 		assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=None")
 	})
+
+	// Test that SameSiteDefaultMode inherits from context's sameSite
+	t.Run("SameSiteDefaultMode inherits context sameSite", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
+		c.SetSameSite(http.SameSiteStrictMode)
+		cookie := &http.Cookie{
+			Name:     "user",
+			Value:    "gin",
+			Path:     "/",
+			Domain:   "localhost",
+			Secure:   true,
+			HttpOnly: true,
+			SameSite: http.SameSiteDefaultMode,
+		}
+		c.SetCookieData(cookie)
+		setCookie := c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie")
+		assert.Contains(t, setCookie, "SameSite=Strict")
+	})
 }
 
 func TestGetMapFromFormData(t *testing.T) {
@@ -3581,22 +3751,22 @@ func BenchmarkGetMapFromFormData(b *testing.B) {
 
 	// Test case 3: Large dataset with many bracket keys
 	largeData := make(map[string][]string)
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		key := fmt.Sprintf("ids[%d]", i)
 		largeData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)}
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+	for i := range 50 {
 		key := fmt.Sprintf("names[%d]", i)
 		largeData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("name%d", i)}
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
+	for i := range 25 {
 		key := fmt.Sprintf("other[key%d]", i)
 		largeData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("other%d", i)}
 	}
 
 	// Test case 4: Dataset with many non-matching keys (worst case)
 	worstCaseData := make(map[string][]string)
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		key := fmt.Sprintf("nonmatching%d", i)
 		worstCaseData[key] = []string{fmt.Sprintf("value%d", i)}
 	}
@@ -3632,7 +3802,7 @@ func BenchmarkGetMapFromFormData(b *testing.B) {
 	for _, bm := range benchmarks {
 		b.Run(bm.name, func(b *testing.B) {
 			b.ReportAllocs()
-			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			for b.Loop() {
 				_, _ = getMapFromFormData(bm.data, bm.key)
 			}
 		})

debug.go

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 )
 
-const ginSupportMinGoVer = 23
+const ginSupportMinGoVer = 25
+
+var runtimeVersion = runtime.Version()
 
 // IsDebugging returns true if the framework is running in debug mode.
 // Use SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode) to disable debug mode.
@@ -77,8 +79,8 @@ func getMinVer(v string) (uint64, error) {
 }
 
 func debugPrintWARNINGDefault() {
-	if v, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version()); e == nil && v < ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.23+.
+	if v, e := getMinVer(runtimeVersion); e == nil && v < ginSupportMinGoVer {
+		debugPrint(`[WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.25+.
 
 `)
 	}

debug_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
-	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
@@ -21,10 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-// TODO
-// func debugRoute(httpMethod, absolutePath string, handlers HandlersChain) {
-// func debugPrint(format string, values ...any) {
-
 func TestIsDebugging(t *testing.T) {
 	SetMode(DebugMode)
 	assert.True(t, IsDebugging())
@@ -48,6 +43,18 @@ func TestDebugPrint(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] these are 2 error messages\n", re)
 }
 
+func TestDebugPrintFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	DebugPrintFunc = func(format string, values ...any) {
+		fmt.Fprintf(DefaultWriter, "[GIN-debug] "+format, values...)
+	}
+	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
+		SetMode(DebugMode)
+		debugPrint("debug print func test: %d", 123)
+		SetMode(TestMode)
+	})
+	assert.Regexp(t, `^\[GIN-debug\] debug print func test: 123`, re)
+}
+
 func TestDebugPrintError(t *testing.T) {
 	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
 		SetMode(DebugMode)
@@ -104,12 +111,17 @@ func TestDebugPrintWARNINGDefault(t *testing.T) {
 		debugPrintWARNINGDefault()
 		SetMode(TestMode)
 	})
-	m, e := getMinVer(runtime.Version())
-	if e == nil && m < ginSupportMinGoVer {
-		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.23+.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
-	} else {
-		assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
+}
+
+func TestDebugPrintWARNINGDefaultWithUnsupportedVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	runtimeVersion = "go1.23.12"
+	re := captureOutput(t, func() {
+		SetMode(DebugMode)
+		debugPrintWARNINGDefault()
+		SetMode(TestMode)
+	})
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Now Gin requires Go 1.25+.\n\n[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Creating an Engine instance with the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached.\n\n", re)
 }
 
 func TestDebugPrintWARNINGNew(t *testing.T) {

errors.go

@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ const (
 	ErrorTypePublic ErrorType = 1 << 1
 	// ErrorTypeAny indicates any other error.
 	ErrorTypeAny ErrorType = 1<<64 - 1
-	// ErrorTypeNu indicates any other error.
-	ErrorTypeNu = 2
 )
 
 // Error represents a error's specification.

gin.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path"
-	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -23,10 +22,12 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/net/http2/h2c"
 )
 
-const defaultMultipartMemory = 32 << 20 // 32 MB
-const escapedColon = "\\:"
-const colon = ":"
-const backslash = "\\"
+const (
+	defaultMultipartMemory = 32 << 20 // 32 MB
+	escapedColon           = "\\:"
+	colon                  = ":"
+	backslash              = "\\"
+)
 
 var (
 	default404Body = []byte("404 page not found")
@@ -46,9 +47,6 @@ var defaultTrustedCIDRs = []*net.IPNet{
 	},
 }
 
-var regSafePrefix = regexp.MustCompile("[^a-zA-Z0-9/-]+")
-var regRemoveRepeatedChar = regexp.MustCompile("/{2,}")
-
 // HandlerFunc defines the handler used by gin middleware as return value.
 type HandlerFunc func(*Context)
 
@@ -94,6 +92,10 @@ const (
 type Engine struct {
 	RouterGroup
 
+	// routeTreesUpdated ensures that the initialization or update of the route trees
+	// (used for routing HTTP requests) happens only once, even if called multiple times concurrently.
+	routeTreesUpdated sync.Once
+
 	// RedirectTrailingSlash enables automatic redirection if the current route can't be matched but a
 	// handler for the path with (without) the trailing slash exists.
 	// For example if /foo/ is requested but a route only exists for /foo, the
@@ -133,10 +135,16 @@ type Engine struct {
 	AppEngine bool
 
 	// UseRawPath if enabled, the url.RawPath will be used to find parameters.
+	// The RawPath is only a hint, EscapedPath() should be use instead. (https://pkg.go.dev/net/url@master#URL)
+	// Only use RawPath if you know what you are doing.
 	UseRawPath bool
 
+	// UseEscapedPath if enable, the url.EscapedPath() will be used to find parameters
+	// It overrides UseRawPath
+	UseEscapedPath bool
+
 	// UnescapePathValues if true, the path value will be unescaped.
-	// If UseRawPath is false (by default), the UnescapePathValues effectively is true,
+	// If UseRawPath and UseEscapedPath are false (by default), the UnescapePathValues effectively is true,
 	// as url.Path gonna be used, which is already unescaped.
 	UnescapePathValues bool
 
@@ -189,6 +197,7 @@ var _ IRouter = (*Engine)(nil)
 // - HandleMethodNotAllowed: false
 // - ForwardedByClientIP:    true
 // - UseRawPath:             false
+// - UseEscapedPath: 		 false
 // - UnescapePathValues:     true
 func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {
 	debugPrintWARNINGNew()
@@ -206,6 +215,7 @@ func New(opts ...OptionFunc) *Engine {
 		RemoteIPHeaders:        []string{"X-Forwarded-For", "X-Real-IP"},
 		TrustedPlatform:        defaultPlatform,
 		UseRawPath:             false,
+		UseEscapedPath:         false,
 		RemoveExtraSlash:       false,
 		UnescapePathValues:     true,
 		MaxMultipartMemory:     defaultMultipartMemory,
@@ -537,7 +547,11 @@ func (engine *Engine) Run(addr ...string) (err error) {
 	engine.updateRouteTrees()
 	address := resolveAddress(addr)
 	debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on %s\n", address)
-	err = http.ListenAndServe(address, engine.Handler())
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Addr:    address,
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.ListenAndServe()
 	return
 }
 
@@ -553,7 +567,11 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile string) (err error) {
 			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
 	}
 
-	err = http.ListenAndServeTLS(addr, certFile, keyFile, engine.Handler())
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Addr:    addr,
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.ListenAndServeTLS(certFile, keyFile)
 	return
 }
 
@@ -576,7 +594,10 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
 	defer listener.Close()
 	defer os.Remove(file)
 
-	err = http.Serve(listener, engine.Handler())
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.Serve(listener)
 	return
 }
 
@@ -593,6 +614,7 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunFd(fd int) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	f := os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), fmt.Sprintf("fd@%d", fd))
+	defer f.Close()
 	listener, err := net.FileListener(f)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
@@ -629,12 +651,19 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunListener(listener net.Listener) (err error) {
 			"Please check https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/docs/doc.md#dont-trust-all-proxies for details.")
 	}
 
-	err = http.Serve(listener, engine.Handler())
+	server := &http.Server{ // #nosec G112
+		Handler: engine.Handler(),
+	}
+	err = server.Serve(listener)
 	return
 }
 
 // ServeHTTP conforms to the http.Handler interface.
 func (engine *Engine) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+	engine.routeTreesUpdated.Do(func() {
+		engine.updateRouteTrees()
+	})
+
 	c := engine.pool.Get().(*Context)
 	c.writermem.reset(w)
 	c.Request = req
@@ -662,7 +691,11 @@ func (engine *Engine) handleHTTPRequest(c *Context) {
 	httpMethod := c.Request.Method
 	rPath := c.Request.URL.Path
 	unescape := false
-	if engine.UseRawPath && len(c.Request.URL.RawPath) > 0 {
+
+	if engine.UseEscapedPath {
+		rPath = c.Request.URL.EscapedPath()
+		unescape = engine.UnescapePathValues
+	} else if engine.UseRawPath && len(c.Request.URL.RawPath) > 0 {
 		rPath = c.Request.URL.RawPath
 		unescape = engine.UnescapePathValues
 	}
@@ -749,8 +782,8 @@ func redirectTrailingSlash(c *Context) {
 	req := c.Request
 	p := req.URL.Path
 	if prefix := path.Clean(c.Request.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-Prefix")); prefix != "." {
-		prefix = regSafePrefix.ReplaceAllString(prefix, "")
-		prefix = regRemoveRepeatedChar.ReplaceAllString(prefix, "/")
+		prefix = sanitizePathChars(prefix)
+		prefix = removeRepeatedChar(prefix, '/')
 
 		p = prefix + "/" + req.URL.Path
 	}
@@ -761,6 +794,17 @@ func redirectTrailingSlash(c *Context) {
 	redirectRequest(c)
 }
 
+// sanitizePathChars removes unsafe characters from path strings,
+// keeping only ASCII letters, ASCII numbers, forward slashes, and hyphens.
+func sanitizePathChars(s string) string {
+	return strings.Map(func(r rune) rune {
+		if (r >= 'a' && r <= 'z') || (r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z') || (r >= '0' && r <= '9') || r == '/' || r == '-' {
+			return r
+		}
+		return -1
+	}, s)
+}
+
 func redirectFixedPath(c *Context, root *node, trailingSlash bool) bool {
 	req := c.Request
 	rPath := req.URL.Path

ginS/gins.go

@@ -12,17 +12,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
-var (
-	once           sync.Once
-	internalEngine *gin.Engine
-)
-
-func engine() *gin.Engine {
-	once.Do(func() {
-		internalEngine = gin.Default()
-	})
-	return internalEngine
-}
+var engine = sync.OnceValue(func() *gin.Engine {
+	return gin.Default()
+})
 
 // LoadHTMLGlob is a wrapper for Engine.LoadHTMLGlob.
 func LoadHTMLGlob(pattern string) {

ginS/gins_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package ginS
+
+import (
+	"html/template"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+}
+
+func TestGET(t *testing.T) {
+	GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "test")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestPOST(t *testing.T) {
+	POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusCreated, "created")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/post", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "created", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestPUT(t *testing.T) {
+	PUT("/put", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "updated")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPut, "/put", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "updated", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestDELETE(t *testing.T) {
+	DELETE("/delete", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "deleted")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodDelete, "/delete", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "deleted", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestPATCH(t *testing.T) {
+	PATCH("/patch", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "patched")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPatch, "/patch", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "patched", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestOPTIONS(t *testing.T) {
+	OPTIONS("/options", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "options")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodOptions, "/options", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "options", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestHEAD(t *testing.T) {
+	HEAD("/head", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "head")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodHead, "/head", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestAny(t *testing.T) {
+	Any("/any", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "any")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/any", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "any", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestHandle(t *testing.T) {
+	Handle(http.MethodGet, "/handle", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "handle")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/handle", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "handle", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	group := Group("/group")
+	group.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "group test")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/group/test", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "group test", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestUse(t *testing.T) {
+	var middlewareExecuted bool
+	Use(func(c *gin.Context) {
+		middlewareExecuted = true
+		c.Next()
+	})
+
+	GET("/middleware-test", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/middleware-test", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.True(t, middlewareExecuted)
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestNoRoute(t *testing.T) {
+	NoRoute(func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusNotFound, "custom 404")
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/nonexistent", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "custom 404", w.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestNoMethod(t *testing.T) {
+	NoMethod(func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, "method not allowed")
+	})
+
+	// This just verifies that NoMethod is callable
+	// Testing the actual behavior would require a separate engine instance
+	assert.NotNil(t, engine())
+}
+
+func TestRoutes(t *testing.T) {
+	GET("/routes-test", func(c *gin.Context) {})
+
+	routes := Routes()
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, routes)
+
+	found := false
+	for _, route := range routes {
+		if route.Path == "/routes-test" && route.Method == http.MethodGet {
+			found = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	assert.True(t, found)
+}
+
+func TestSetHTMLTemplate(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpl := template.Must(template.New("test").Parse("Hello {{.}}"))
+	SetHTMLTemplate(tmpl)
+
+	// Verify engine has template set
+	assert.NotNil(t, engine())
+}
+
+func TestStaticFile(t *testing.T) {
+	StaticFile("/static-file", "../testdata/test_file.txt")
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/static-file", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestStatic(t *testing.T) {
+	Static("/static-dir", "../testdata")
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/static-dir/test_file.txt", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}
+
+func TestStaticFS(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := http.Dir("../testdata")
+	StaticFS("/static-fs", fs)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/static-fs/test_file.txt", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	engine().ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+}

gin_integration_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -69,9 +70,10 @@ func TestRunEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
 		assert.NoError(t, router.Run())
 	}()
-	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
-	// otherwise the main thread will complete
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Wait for server to be ready with exponential backoff
+	err := waitForServerReady("http://localhost:8080/example", 10)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "server should start successfully")
 
 	require.Error(t, router.Run(":8080"))
 	testRequest(t, "http://localhost:8080/example")
@@ -212,9 +214,10 @@ func TestRunEmptyWithEnv(t *testing.T) {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
 		assert.NoError(t, router.Run())
 	}()
-	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
-	// otherwise the main thread will complete
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Wait for server to be ready with exponential backoff
+	err := waitForServerReady("http://localhost:3123/example", 10)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "server should start successfully")
 
 	require.Error(t, router.Run(":3123"))
 	testRequest(t, "http://localhost:3123/example")
@@ -233,9 +236,10 @@ func TestRunWithPort(t *testing.T) {
 		router.GET("/example", func(c *Context) { c.String(http.StatusOK, "it worked") })
 		assert.NoError(t, router.Run(":5150"))
 	}()
-	// have to wait for the goroutine to start and run the server
-	// otherwise the main thread will complete
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Wait for server to be ready with exponential backoff
+	err := waitForServerReady("http://localhost:5150/example", 10)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "server should start successfully")
 
 	require.Error(t, router.Run(":5150"))
 	testRequest(t, "http://localhost:5150/example")
@@ -261,10 +265,11 @@ func TestUnixSocket(t *testing.T) {
 
 	fmt.Fprint(c, "GET /example HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(c)
-	var response string
+	var responseBuilder strings.Builder
 	for scanner.Scan() {
-		response += scanner.Text()
+		responseBuilder.WriteString(scanner.Text())
 	}
+	response := responseBuilder.String()
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "HTTP/1.0 200", "should get a 200")
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "it worked", "resp body should match")
 }
@@ -322,10 +327,11 @@ func TestFileDescriptor(t *testing.T) {
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(c, "GET /example HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(c)
-	var response string
+	var responseBuilder strings.Builder
 	for scanner.Scan() {
-		response += scanner.Text()
+		responseBuilder.WriteString(scanner.Text())
 	}
+	response := responseBuilder.String()
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "HTTP/1.0 200", "should get a 200")
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "it worked", "resp body should match")
 }
@@ -354,10 +360,11 @@ func TestListener(t *testing.T) {
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(c, "GET /example HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(c)
-	var response string
+	var responseBuilder strings.Builder
 	for scanner.Scan() {
-		response += scanner.Text()
+		responseBuilder.WriteString(scanner.Text())
 	}
+	response := responseBuilder.String()
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "HTTP/1.0 200", "should get a 200")
 	assert.Contains(t, response, "it worked", "resp body should match")
 }
@@ -393,7 +400,7 @@ func TestConcurrentHandleContext(t *testing.T) {
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	iterations := 200
 	wg.Add(iterations)
-	for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+	for range iterations {
 		go func() {
 			req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)

gin_test.go

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func TestLoadHTMLGlobDebugMode(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestH2c(t *testing.T) {
-	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", localhostIP+":0")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
@@ -545,6 +545,29 @@ func TestNoMethodWithoutGlobalHandlers(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRebuild404Handlers(t *testing.T) {
+	var middleware0 HandlerFunc = func(c *Context) {}
+	var middleware1 HandlerFunc = func(c *Context) {}
+
+	router := New()
+
+	// Initially, allNoRoute should be nil
+	assert.Nil(t, router.allNoRoute)
+
+	// Set NoRoute handlers
+	router.NoRoute(middleware0)
+	assert.Len(t, router.allNoRoute, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, router.noRoute, 1)
+	compareFunc(t, router.allNoRoute[0], middleware0)
+
+	// Add Use middleware should trigger rebuild404Handlers
+	router.Use(middleware1)
+	assert.Len(t, router.allNoRoute, 2)
+	assert.Len(t, router.Handlers, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, router.noRoute, 1)
+
+	// Global middleware should come first
+	compareFunc(t, router.allNoRoute[0], middleware1)
+	compareFunc(t, router.allNoRoute[1], middleware0)
 }
 
 func TestNoMethodWithGlobalHandlers(t *testing.T) {
@@ -720,6 +743,127 @@ func TestEngineHandleContextPreventsMiddlewareReEntry(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), handlerCounterV2)
 }
 
+func TestEngineHandleContextNoRouteWithGroupMiddleware(t *testing.T) {
+	// Scenario from issue #1848:
+	// - Engine with no global middleware (gin.New())
+	// - A group with middleware
+	// - A route in that group
+	// - NoRoute handler that redirects via HandleContext
+	// The group middleware should run exactly once per HandleContext call,
+	// not accumulate across redirects.
+
+	var middlewareCount, handlerCount int64
+
+	r := New()
+	grp := r.Group("", func(c *Context) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&middlewareCount, 1)
+		c.Next()
+	})
+	grp.GET("/target", func(c *Context) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&handlerCount, 1)
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+	})
+
+	r.NoRoute(func(c *Context) {
+		c.Request.URL.Path = "/target"
+		r.HandleContext(c)
+	})
+
+	// Access a non-existent route to trigger NoRoute -> HandleContext
+	w := PerformRequest(r, "GET", "/nonexistent")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "ok", w.Body.String())
+	// Middleware and handler should each run exactly once
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), atomic.LoadInt64(&middlewareCount))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), atomic.LoadInt64(&handlerCount))
+}
+
+func TestEngineHandleContextNoRouteWithEngineMiddleware(t *testing.T) {
+	// When engine middleware exists and NoRoute redirects via HandleContext,
+	// verify the handlers run the expected number of times.
+
+	var engineMwCount, groupMwCount, handlerCount int64
+
+	r := New()
+	r.Use(func(c *Context) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&engineMwCount, 1)
+		c.Next()
+	})
+
+	grp := r.Group("", func(c *Context) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&groupMwCount, 1)
+		c.Next()
+	})
+	grp.GET("/target", func(c *Context) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&handlerCount, 1)
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+	})
+
+	r.NoRoute(func(c *Context) {
+		c.Request.URL.Path = "/target"
+		r.HandleContext(c)
+	})
+
+	w := PerformRequest(r, "GET", "/nonexistent")
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Equal(t, "ok", w.Body.String())
+	// Handler and group middleware should each run once (from HandleContext)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), atomic.LoadInt64(&handlerCount))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), atomic.LoadInt64(&groupMwCount))
+	// Engine middleware runs twice: once for the NoRoute chain, once for the HandleContext chain
+	// This is expected behavior since HandleContext re-enters the full handler chain
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), atomic.LoadInt64(&engineMwCount))
+}
+
+func TestEngineHandleContextUseEscapedPathPercentEncoded(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+	r.UseEscapedPath = true
+	r.UnescapePathValues = false
+
+	r.GET("/v1/:path", func(c *Context) {
+		// Path is Escaped, the %25 is not interpreted as %
+		assert.Equal(t, "foo%252Fbar", c.Param("path"))
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/foo%252Fbar", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+}
+
+func TestEngineHandleContextUseRawPathPercentEncoded(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+	r.UseRawPath = true
+	r.UnescapePathValues = false
+
+	r.GET("/v1/:path", func(c *Context) {
+		// Path is used, the %25 is interpreted as %
+		assert.Equal(t, "foo%2Fbar", c.Param("path"))
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/v1/foo%252Fbar", nil)
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+}
+
+func TestEngineHandleContextUseEscapedPathOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New()
+	r.UseEscapedPath = true
+	r.UseRawPath = true
+	r.UnescapePathValues = false
+
+	r.GET("/v1/:path", func(c *Context) {
+		assert.Equal(t, "foo%25bar", c.Param("path"))
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		w := PerformRequest(r, http.MethodGet, "/v1/foo%25bar")
+		assert.Equal(t, 200, w.Code)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestPrepareTrustedCIRDsWith(t *testing.T) {
 	r := New()
 
@@ -913,3 +1057,102 @@ func TestMethodNotAllowedNoRoute(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { g.ServeHTTP(resp, req) })
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, resp.Code)
 }
+
+// Test the fix for https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/4415
+func TestLiteralColonWithRun(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	router.updateRouteTrees()
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+}
+
+func TestLiteralColonWithDirectServeHTTP(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+}
+
+func TestLiteralColonWithHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	handler := router.Handler()
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+}
+
+func TestLiteralColonWithHTTPServer(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"path": "literal_colon"})
+	})
+
+	router.GET("/test/:param", func(c *Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, H{"param": c.Param("param")})
+	})
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "literal_colon")
+
+	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req2, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test/foo", nil)
+	router.ServeHTTP(w2, req2)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w2.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w2.Body.String(), "foo")
+}
+
+// Test that updateRouteTrees is called only once
+func TestUpdateRouteTreesCalledOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	SetMode(TestMode)
+	router := New()
+
+	router.GET(`/test\:action`, func(c *Context) {
+		c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
+	})
+
+	for range 5 {
+		w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test:action", nil)
+		router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+		assert.Equal(t, "ok", w.Body.String())
+	}
+}

go.mod

@@ -1,44 +1,45 @@
 module github.com/gin-gonic/gin
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.25.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.15.0
 	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0
-	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0
-	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2
-	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.18.0
+	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.30.1
+	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.6
+	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.2
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4
-	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.54.0
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.59.0
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.42.0
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.9
+	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.3.1
+	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2 v2.5.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.52.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 )
 
+require gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+
 require (
-	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8 // indirect
+	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.13 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/arch v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.25.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/mock v0.6.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/arch v0.25.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.42.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.35.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0 h1:/OfKt8HFw0kh2rj8N0F6C/qPGRESq0BbaNZgcNXXzQQ=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.14.0/go.mod h1:WoEbx8WTcFJfzCe0hbmyTGrfjt8PzNEBdxlNUO24NhA=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0 h1:dskwH8edlzNMctoruo8FPTJDF3vLtDT0sXZwvZJyqeA=
-github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.3.0/go.mod h1:N8A3vUdtUebEY2/VQC0MyhYeKUFosQU6FxH2JmUe6VI=
+github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3 h1:TPBSwH8RsouGCBcMBktLt1AymVo2TVsBVCY4b6TnZ/M=
+github.com/bytedance/gopkg v0.1.3/go.mod h1:576VvJ+eJgyCzdjS+c4+77QF3p7ubbtiKARP3TxducM=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.15.0 h1:/PXeWFaR5ElNcVE84U0dOHjiMHQOwNIx3K4ymzh/uSE=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.15.0/go.mod h1:tFkWrPz0/CUCLEF4ri4UkHekCIcdnkqXw9VduqpJh0k=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.5.0 h1:gXH3KVnatgY7loH5/TkeVyXPfESoqSBSBEiDd5VjlgE=
+github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.5.0/go.mod h1:AR4NYCk5DdzZizZ5djGqQ92eEhCCcdf5x77udYiSJRo=
 github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6 h1:t11wG9AECkCDk5fMSoxmufanudBtJ+/HemLstXDLI2M=
 github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.6/go.mod h1:OFcloc187FXDaYHvrNIjxSe8ncn0OOM8gEHfghB2IPU=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8 h1:FfZ3gj38NjllZIeJAmMhr+qKL8Wu+nOoI3GqacKw1NM=
-github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.8/go.mod h1:ByKUIKGjh1ODkGM1asKUbQZOLGrPjydw3hYPU2YU9t8=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.13 h1:46nXokslUBsAJE/wMsp5gtO500a4F3Nkz9Ufpk2AcUM=
+github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.13/go.mod h1:d+9Oxyo1wTzWdyVUPMmXFvp4F9tea18J8ufA774AB3s=
 github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0 h1:n0w2GMuUpWDVp7qSpvze6fAu9iRxJY4Hmj6AmBOU05w=
 github.com/gin-contrib/sse v1.1.0/go.mod h1:hxRZ5gVpWMT7Z0B0gSNYqqsSCNIJMjzvm6fqCz9vjwM=
 github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.2.0 h1:JvknZsQTYeFEAhQwI4qEt9cyV5ONwRHC+lYKSsYSR8s=
@@ -17,12 +20,12 @@ github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 h1:EWaQ/wswjilfKLTECiXz7Rh+3BjFhfDFKv/o
 github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1/go.mod h1:hxrqLVvrK65+Rwrd5Fc6F2O76J/NuW9t0sjnWqG1slY=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 h1:Bcnm0ZwsGyWbCzImXv+pAJnYK9S473LQFuzCbDbfSFY=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1/go.mod h1:xekY+UJKNuX9WP91TpwSH2VMlDf28Uj24BCp08ZFTUY=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0 h1:w8+XrWVMhGkxOaaowyKH35gFydVHOvC0/uWoy2Fzwn4=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.27.0/go.mod h1:I5QpIEbmr8On7W0TktmJAumgzX4CA1XNl4ZmDuVHKKo=
-github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2 h1:CrxCmQqYDkv1z7lO7Wbh2HN93uovUHgrECaO5ZrCXAU=
-github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
-github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.18.0 h1:8W7wMFS12Pcas7KU+VVkaiCng+kG8QiFeFwzFb+rwuw=
-github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.18.0/go.mod h1:XBurs7gK8ATbW4ZPGKgcbrY1Br56PdM69F7LkFRi1kA=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.30.1 h1:f3zDSN/zOma+w6+1Wswgd9fLkdwy06ntQJp0BBvFG0w=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.30.1/go.mod h1:oSuBIQzuJxL//3MelwSLD5hc2Tu889bF0Idm9Dg26cM=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.6 h1:p8HrPJzOakx/mn/bQtjgNjdTcN+/S6FcG2CTtQOrHVU=
+github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.6/go.mod h1:oq7eo15ShAhp70Anwd5lgX2pLfOS3QCiwU/PULtXL6M=
+github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.2 h1:PmFC1S6h8ljIz6gMRBopkjP1TVT7xuwrButHID66PoM=
+github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.2/go.mod h1:XBurs7gK8ATbW4ZPGKgcbrY1Br56PdM69F7LkFRi1kA=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
@@ -30,58 +33,64 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnr
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHmT4TnhNGBo=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0 h1:S4CRMLnYUhGeDFDqkGriYKdfoFlDnMtqTiI/sFzhA9Y=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hqwkgyIinND0mEev00jJYCxPNVRVXFQeu1XKlok6oO0=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
+github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
+github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
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 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0/go.mod h1:bvxc+MVxLKB4z00jd1z+Dvzr47oO32F/QSNjSBOlFxI=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
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-github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 h1:ZqeYNhU3OHLH3mGKHDcjJRFFRrJa6eAM5H+CtDdOsPc=
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+golang.org/x/text v0.35.0/go.mod h1:khi/HExzZJ2pGnjenulevKNX1W67CUy0AsXcNubPGCA=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=

internal/bytesconv/bytesconv_test.go

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func rawStrToBytes(s string) []byte {
 
 func TestBytesToString(t *testing.T) {
 	data := make([]byte, 1024)
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		_, err := cRand.Read(data)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
@@ -41,6 +41,15 @@ func TestBytesToString(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBytesToStringEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := BytesToString([]byte{}); got != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("BytesToString([]byte{}) = %q; want empty string", got)
+	}
+	if got := BytesToString(nil); got != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("BytesToString(nil) = %q; want empty string", got)
+	}
+}
+
 const letterBytes = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
 const (
 	letterIdxBits = 6                    // 6 bits to represent a letter index
@@ -70,7 +79,7 @@ func RandStringBytesMaskImprSrcSB(n int) string {
 }
 
 func TestStringToBytes(t *testing.T) {
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		s := RandStringBytesMaskImprSrcSB(64)
 		if !bytes.Equal(rawStrToBytes(s), StringToBytes(s)) {
 			t.Fatal("don't match")
@@ -78,28 +87,38 @@ func TestStringToBytes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStringToBytesEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	b := StringToBytes("")
+	if len(b) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf(`StringToBytes("") length = %d; want 0`, len(b))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(b, []byte("")) {
+		t.Fatalf(`StringToBytes("") = %v; want []byte("")`, b)
+	}
+}
+
 // go test -v -run=none -bench=^BenchmarkBytesConv -benchmem=true
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStrRaw(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		rawBytesToStr(testBytes)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStr(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		BytesToString(testBytes)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytesRaw(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		rawStrToBytes(testString)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytes(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		StringToBytes(testString)
 	}
 }

logger.go

@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ type LoggerConfig struct {
 	// Optional.
 	SkipPaths []string
 
+	// SkipQueryString indicates that query strings should not be written
+	// for cases such as when API keys are passed via query strings.
+	// Optional. Default value is false.
+	SkipQueryString bool
+
 	// Skip is a Skipper that indicates which logs should not be written.
 	// Optional.
 	Skip Skipper
@@ -103,6 +108,27 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) StatusCodeColor() string {
 	}
 }
 
+// LatencyColor is the ANSI color for latency
+func (p *LogFormatterParams) LatencyColor() string {
+	latency := p.Latency
+	switch {
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*100:
+		return white
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*200:
+		return green
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*300:
+		return cyan
+	case latency < time.Millisecond*500:
+		return blue
+	case latency < time.Second:
+		return yellow
+	case latency < time.Second*2:
+		return magenta
+	default:
+		return red
+	}
+}
+
 // MethodColor is the ANSI color for appropriately logging http method to a terminal.
 func (p *LogFormatterParams) MethodColor() string {
 	method := p.Method
@@ -139,20 +165,27 @@ func (p *LogFormatterParams) IsOutputColor() bool {
 
 // defaultLogFormatter is the default log format function Logger middleware uses.
 var defaultLogFormatter = func(param LogFormatterParams) string {
-	var statusColor, methodColor, resetColor string
+	var statusColor, methodColor, resetColor, latencyColor string
 	if param.IsOutputColor() {
 		statusColor = param.StatusCodeColor()
 		methodColor = param.MethodColor()
 		resetColor = param.ResetColor()
+		latencyColor = param.LatencyColor()
 	}
 
-	if param.Latency > time.Minute {
-		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Second)
+	switch {
+	case param.Latency > time.Minute:
+		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Second * 10)
+	case param.Latency > time.Second:
+		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Millisecond * 10)
+	case param.Latency > time.Millisecond:
+		param.Latency = param.Latency.Truncate(time.Microsecond * 10)
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s| %13v | %15s |%s %-7s %s %#v\n%s",
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s|%s %8v %s| %15s |%s %-7s %s %#v\n%s",
 		param.TimeStamp.Format("2006/01/02 - 15:04:05"),
 		statusColor, param.StatusCode, resetColor,
-		param.Latency,
+		latencyColor, param.Latency, resetColor,
 		param.ClientIP,
 		methodColor, param.Method, resetColor,
 		param.Path,
@@ -270,7 +303,7 @@ func LoggerWithConfig(conf LoggerConfig) HandlerFunc {
 
 		param.BodySize = c.Writer.Size()
 
-		if raw != "" {
+		if raw != "" && !conf.SkipQueryString {
 			path = path + "?" + raw
 		}
 

logger_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestLogger(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// I wrote these first (extending the above) but then realized they are more
 	// like integration tests because they test the whole logging process rather
-	// than individual functions.  Im not sure where these should go.
+	// than individual functions. I'm not sure where these should go.
 	buffer.Reset()
 	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPost, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// I wrote these first (extending the above) but then realized they are more
 	// like integration tests because they test the whole logging process rather
-	// than individual functions.  Im not sure where these should go.
+	// than individual functions. I'm not sure where these should go.
 	buffer.Reset()
 	PerformRequest(router, http.MethodPost, "/example")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
@@ -277,11 +277,11 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		isTerm:       false,
 	}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |            5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |       5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 | 2743h29m0s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|            5s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|\x1b[97;41m       5s \x1b[0m|     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|\x1b[97;41m 2743h29m0s \x1b[0m|     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
 }
 
 func TestColorForMethod(t *testing.T) {
@@ -317,6 +317,24 @@ func TestColorForStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForStatus(2), "other things should be red")
 }
 
+func TestColorForLatency(t *testing.T) {
+	colorForLatency := func(latency time.Duration) string {
+		p := LogFormatterParams{
+			Latency: latency,
+		}
+		return p.LatencyColor()
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForLatency(time.Duration(0)), "0 should be white")
+	assert.Equal(t, white, colorForLatency(time.Millisecond*20), "20ms should be white")
+	assert.Equal(t, green, colorForLatency(time.Millisecond*150), "150ms should be green")
+	assert.Equal(t, cyan, colorForLatency(time.Millisecond*250), "250ms should be cyan")
+	assert.Equal(t, blue, colorForLatency(time.Millisecond*400), "400ms should be blue")
+	assert.Equal(t, yellow, colorForLatency(time.Millisecond*600), "600ms should be yellow")
+	assert.Equal(t, magenta, colorForLatency(time.Millisecond*1500), "1.5s should be magenta")
+	assert.Equal(t, red, colorForLatency(time.Second*3), "other things should be red")
+}
+
 func TestResetColor(t *testing.T) {
 	p := LogFormatterParams{}
 	assert.Equal(t, string([]byte{27, 91, 48, 109}), p.ResetColor())
@@ -454,3 +472,17 @@ func TestForceConsoleColor(t *testing.T) {
 	// reset console color mode.
 	consoleColorMode = autoColor
 }
+
+func TestLoggerWithConfigSkipQueryString(t *testing.T) {
+	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
+	router := New()
+	router.Use(LoggerWithConfig(LoggerConfig{
+		Output:          buffer,
+		SkipQueryString: true,
+	}))
+	router.GET("/logged", func(c *Context) { c.Status(http.StatusOK) })
+
+	PerformRequest(router, "GET", "/logged?a=21")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "200")
+	assert.NotContains(t, buffer.String(), "a=21")
+}

path.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package gin
 
+const stackBufSize = 128
+
 // cleanPath is the URL version of path.Clean, it returns a canonical URL path
 // for p, eliminating . and .. elements.
 //
@@ -19,7 +21,6 @@ package gin
 //
 // If the result of this process is an empty string, "/" is returned.
 func cleanPath(p string) string {
-	const stackBufSize = 128
 	// Turn empty string into "/"
 	if p == "" {
 		return "/"
@@ -148,3 +149,55 @@ func bufApp(buf *[]byte, s string, w int, c byte) {
 	}
 	b[w] = c
 }
+
+// removeRepeatedChar removes multiple consecutive 'char's from a string.
+// if s == "/a//b///c////" && char == '/', it returns "/a/b/c/"
+func removeRepeatedChar(s string, char byte) string {
+	// Check if there are any consecutive chars
+	hasRepeatedChar := false
+	for i := 1; i < len(s); i++ {
+		if s[i] == char && s[i-1] == char {
+			hasRepeatedChar = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasRepeatedChar {
+		return s
+	}
+
+	// Reasonably sized buffer on stack to avoid allocations in the common case.
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, stackBufSize)
+
+	// Invariants:
+	//      reading from s; r is index of next byte to process.
+	//      writing to buf; w is index of next byte to write.
+	r := 0
+	w := 0
+
+	for n := len(s); r < n; {
+		if s[r] == char {
+			// Write the first char
+			bufApp(&buf, s, w, char)
+			w++
+			r++
+
+			// Skip all consecutive chars
+			for r < n && s[r] == char {
+				r++
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Copy non-char character
+			bufApp(&buf, s, w, s[r])
+			w++
+			r++
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If the original string was not modified (or only shortened at the end),
+	// return the respective substring of the original string.
+	// Otherwise, return a new string from the buffer.
+	if len(buf) == 0 {
+		return s[:w]
+	}
+	return string(buf[:w])
+}

path_test.go

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func TestPathCleanMallocs(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkPathClean(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		for _, test := range cleanTests {
 			cleanPath(test.path)
 		}
@@ -134,12 +134,59 @@ func TestPathCleanLong(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkPathCleanLong(b *testing.B) {
 	cleanTests := genLongPaths()
-	b.ResetTimer()
+
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		for _, test := range cleanTests {
 			cleanPath(test.path)
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRemoveRepeatedChar(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name string
+		str  string
+		char byte
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "empty",
+			str:  "",
+			char: 'a',
+			want: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "noSlash",
+			str:  "abc",
+			char: ',',
+			want: "abc",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "withSlash",
+			str:  "/a/b/c/",
+			char: '/',
+			want: "/a/b/c/",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "withRepeatedSlashes",
+			str:  "/a//b///c////",
+			char: '/',
+			want: "/a/b/c/",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "threeSlashes",
+			str:  "///",
+			char: '/',
+			want: "/",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			res := removeRepeatedChar(tc.str, tc.char)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, res)
+		})
+	}
+}

recovery.go

@@ -5,25 +5,28 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httputil"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 )
 
-const dunno = "???"
-
-var dunnoBytes = []byte(dunno)
+const (
+	dunno     = "???"
+	stackSkip = 3
+)
 
 // RecoveryFunc defines the function passable to CustomRecovery.
 type RecoveryFunc func(c *Context, err any)
@@ -54,38 +57,33 @@ func CustomRecoveryWithWriter(out io.Writer, handle RecoveryFunc) HandlerFunc {
 	}
 	return func(c *Context) {
 		defer func() {
-			if err := recover(); err != nil {
+			if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
 				// Check for a broken connection, as it is not really a
 				// condition that warrants a panic stack trace.
-				var brokenPipe bool
-				if ne, ok := err.(*net.OpError); ok {
-					var se *os.SyscallError
-					if errors.As(ne, &se) {
-						seStr := strings.ToLower(se.Error())
-						if strings.Contains(seStr, "broken pipe") ||
-							strings.Contains(seStr, "connection reset by peer") {
-							brokenPipe = true
-						}
-					}
+				var isBrokenPipe bool
+				err, ok := rec.(error)
+				if ok {
+					isBrokenPipe = errors.Is(err, syscall.EPIPE) ||
+						errors.Is(err, syscall.ECONNRESET) ||
+						errors.Is(err, http.ErrAbortHandler)
 				}
 				if logger != nil {
-					const stackSkip = 3
-					if brokenPipe {
-						logger.Printf("%s\n%s%s", err, secureRequestDump(c.Request), reset)
+					if isBrokenPipe {
+						logger.Printf("%s\n%s%s", rec, secureRequestDump(c.Request), reset)
 					} else if IsDebugging() {
 						logger.Printf("[Recovery] %s panic recovered:\n%s\n%s\n%s%s",
-							timeFormat(time.Now()), secureRequestDump(c.Request), err, stack(stackSkip), reset)
+							timeFormat(time.Now()), secureRequestDump(c.Request), rec, stack(stackSkip), reset)
 					} else {
 						logger.Printf("[Recovery] %s panic recovered:\n%s\n%s%s",
-							timeFormat(time.Now()), err, stack(stackSkip), reset)
+							timeFormat(time.Now()), rec, stack(stackSkip), reset)
 					}
 				}
-				if brokenPipe {
+				if isBrokenPipe {
 					// If the connection is dead, we can't write a status to it.
-					c.Error(err.(error)) //nolint: errcheck
+					c.Error(err) //nolint: errcheck
 					c.Abort()
 				} else {
-					handle(c, err)
+					handle(c, rec)
 				}
 			}
 		}()
@@ -117,8 +115,11 @@ func stack(skip int) []byte {
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer) // the returned data
 	// As we loop, we open files and read them. These variables record the currently
 	// loaded file.
-	var lines [][]byte
-	var lastFile string
+	var (
+		nLine    string
+		lastFile string
+		err      error
+	)
 	for i := skip; ; i++ { // Skip the expected number of frames
 		pc, file, line, ok := runtime.Caller(i)
 		if !ok {
@@ -127,25 +128,44 @@ func stack(skip int) []byte {
 		// Print this much at least.  If we can't find the source, it won't show.
 		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s:%d (0x%x)\n", file, line, pc)
 		if file != lastFile {
-			data, err := os.ReadFile(file)
+			nLine, err = readNthLine(file, line-1)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			lines = bytes.Split(data, []byte{'\n'})
 			lastFile = file
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "\t%s: %s\n", function(pc), source(lines, line))
+		fmt.Fprintf(buf, "\t%s: %s\n", function(pc), cmp.Or(nLine, dunno))
 	}
 	return buf.Bytes()
 }
 
-// source returns a space-trimmed slice of the n'th line.
-func source(lines [][]byte, n int) []byte {
-	n-- // in stack trace, lines are 1-indexed but our array is 0-indexed
-	if n < 0 || n >= len(lines) {
-		return dunnoBytes
+// readNthLine reads the nth line from the file.
+// It returns the trimmed content of the line if found,
+// or an empty string if the line doesn't exist.
+// If there's an error opening the file, it returns the error.
+func readNthLine(file string, n int) (string, error) {
+	if n < 0 {
+		return "", nil
 	}
-	return bytes.TrimSpace(lines[n])
+
+	f, err := os.Open(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		if !scanner.Scan() {
+			return "", nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if scanner.Scan() {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text()), nil
+	}
+
+	return "", nil
 }
 
 // function returns, if possible, the name of the function containing the PC.

recovery_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func TestPanicClean(t *testing.T) {
 	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(buffer))
 	router.GET("/recovery", func(c *Context) {
 		c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusBadRequest)
-		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+		panic("Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery",
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ func TestPanicInHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(buffer))
 	router.GET("/recovery", func(_ *Context) {
-		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+		panic("Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), t.Name())
 	assert.NotContains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func TestPanicWithAbort(t *testing.T) {
 	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(nil))
 	router.GET("/recovery", func(c *Context) {
 		c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusBadRequest)
-		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+		panic("Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
@@ -88,21 +88,6 @@ func TestPanicWithAbort(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 }
 
-func TestSource(t *testing.T) {
-	bs := source(nil, 0)
-	assert.Equal(t, dunnoBytes, bs)
-
-	in := [][]byte{
-		[]byte("Hello world."),
-		[]byte("Hi, gin.."),
-	}
-	bs = source(in, 10)
-	assert.Equal(t, dunnoBytes, bs)
-
-	bs = source(in, 1)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte("Hello world."), bs)
-}
-
 func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
 	bs := function(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, dunno, bs)
@@ -113,13 +98,13 @@ func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPanicWithBrokenPipe(t *testing.T) {
 	const expectCode = 204
 
-	expectMsgs := map[syscall.Errno]string{
-		syscall.EPIPE:      "broken pipe",
-		syscall.ECONNRESET: "connection reset by peer",
+	expectErrnos := []syscall.Errno{
+		syscall.EPIPE,
+		syscall.ECONNRESET,
 	}
 
-	for errno, expectMsg := range expectMsgs {
-		t.Run(expectMsg, func(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, errno := range expectErrnos {
+		t.Run("Recovery from "+errno.Error(), func(t *testing.T) {
 			var buf strings.Builder
 
 			router := New()
@@ -137,11 +122,36 @@ func TestPanicWithBrokenPipe(t *testing.T) {
 			w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 			// TEST
 			assert.Equal(t, expectCode, w.Code)
-			assert.Contains(t, strings.ToLower(buf.String()), expectMsg)
+			assert.Contains(t, strings.ToLower(buf.String()), errno.Error())
+			assert.NotContains(t, strings.ToLower(buf.String()), "[Recovery]")
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// TestPanicWithAbortHandler asserts that recovery handles http.ErrAbortHandler as broken pipe
+func TestPanicWithAbortHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	const expectCode = 204
+
+	var buf strings.Builder
+	router := New()
+	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(&buf))
+	router.GET("/recovery", func(c *Context) {
+		// Start writing response
+		c.Header("X-Test", "Value")
+		c.Status(expectCode)
+
+		// Panic with ErrAbortHandler which should be treated as broken pipe
+		panic(http.ErrAbortHandler)
+	})
+	// RUN
+	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
+	// TEST
+	assert.Equal(t, expectCode, w.Code)
+	out := buf.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, out, "net/http: abort Handler")
+	assert.NotContains(t, out, "panic recovered")
+}
+
 func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	errBuffer := new(strings.Builder)
 	buffer := new(strings.Builder)
@@ -152,14 +162,14 @@ func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	router.Use(CustomRecoveryWithWriter(buffer, handleRecovery))
 	router.GET("/recovery", func(_ *Context) {
-		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+		panic("Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), t.Name())
 	assert.NotContains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
 
@@ -171,7 +181,7 @@ func TestCustomRecoveryWithWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
 
-	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem", 2), errBuffer.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat("Oops, Houston, we have a problem", 2), errBuffer.String())
 
 	SetMode(TestMode)
 }
@@ -187,14 +197,14 @@ func TestCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	router.Use(CustomRecovery(handleRecovery))
 	router.GET("/recovery", func(_ *Context) {
-		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+		panic("Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), t.Name())
 	assert.NotContains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
 
@@ -206,7 +216,7 @@ func TestCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
 
-	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem", 2), errBuffer.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat("Oops, Houston, we have a problem", 2), errBuffer.String())
 
 	SetMode(TestMode)
 }
@@ -222,14 +232,14 @@ func TestRecoveryWithWriterWithCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	router.Use(RecoveryWithWriter(DefaultErrorWriter, handleRecovery))
 	router.GET("/recovery", func(_ *Context) {
-		panic("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+		panic("Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	})
 	// RUN
 	w := PerformRequest(router, http.MethodGet, "/recovery")
 	// TEST
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "panic recovered")
-	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oupps, Houston, we have a problem")
+	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "Oops, Houston, we have a problem")
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), t.Name())
 	assert.NotContains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
 
@@ -241,7 +251,7 @@ func TestRecoveryWithWriterWithCustomRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
 	assert.Contains(t, buffer.String(), "GET /recovery")
 
-	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat("Oupps, Houston, we have a problem", 2), errBuffer.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat("Oops, Houston, we have a problem", 2), errBuffer.String())
 
 	SetMode(TestMode)
 }
@@ -307,3 +317,53 @@ func TestSecureRequestDump(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestReadNthLine tests the readNthLine function with various scenarios.
+func TestReadNthLine(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary test file
+	testContent := "line 0 \n line 1  \nline 2 \nline 3  \nline 4"
+	tempFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "testfile*.txt")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(tempFile.Name())
+
+	// Write test content to the temporary file
+	if _, err := tempFile.WriteString(testContent); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := tempFile.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test cases
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		lineNum  int
+		fileName string
+		want     string
+		wantErr  bool
+	}{
+		{name: "Read first line", lineNum: 0, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "line 0", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Read middle line", lineNum: 2, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "line 2", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Read last line", lineNum: 4, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "line 4", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Line number exceeds file length", lineNum: 10, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Negative line number", lineNum: -1, fileName: tempFile.Name(), want: "", wantErr: false},
+		{name: "Non-existent file", lineNum: 1, fileName: "/non/existent/file.txt", want: "", wantErr: true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := readNthLine(tt.fileName, tt.lineNum)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantErr, err != nil)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkStack(b *testing.B) {
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	for b.Loop() {
+		_ = stack(stackSkip)
+	}
+}

render/bson.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package render
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/bson"
+)
+
+// BSON contains the given interface object.
+type BSON struct {
+	Data any
+}
+
+var bsonContentType = []string{"application/bson"}
+
+// Render (BSON) marshals the given interface object and writes data with custom ContentType.
+func (r BSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
+	r.WriteContentType(w)
+
+	bytes, err := bson.Marshal(&r.Data)
+	if err == nil {
+		_, err = w.Write(bytes)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// WriteContentType (BSONBuf) writes BSONBuf ContentType.
+func (r BSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
+	writeContentType(w, bsonContentType)
+}

render/data.go

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@
 
 package render
 
-import "net/http"
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+)
 
 // Data contains ContentType and bytes data.
 type Data struct {
@@ -15,6 +18,9 @@ type Data struct {
 // Render (Data) writes data with custom ContentType.
 func (r Data) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
 	r.WriteContentType(w)
+	if len(r.Data) > 0 {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.Itoa(len(r.Data)))
+	}
 	_, err = w.Write(r.Data)
 	return
 }

render/pdf.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package render
+
+import "net/http"
+
+// PDF contains the given PDF binary data.
+type PDF struct {
+	Data []byte
+}
+
+var pdfContentType = []string{"application/pdf"}
+
+// Render (PDF) writes PDF data with custom ContentType.
+func (r PDF) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
+	r.WriteContentType(w)
+	_, err := w.Write(r.Data)
+	return err
+}
+
+// WriteContentType (PDF) writes PDF ContentType for response.
+func (r PDF) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
+	writeContentType(w, pdfContentType)
+}

render/render.go

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ var (
 	_ Render     = (*AsciiJSON)(nil)
 	_ Render     = (*ProtoBuf)(nil)
 	_ Render     = (*TOML)(nil)
+	_ Render     = (*PDF)(nil)
 )
 
 func writeContentType(w http.ResponseWriter, value []string) {

render/render_msgpack_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 package render
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
 )
 
-// TODO unit tests
-// test errors
-
 func TestRenderMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	data := map[string]any{
@@ -32,13 +29,52 @@ func TestRenderMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	h := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
-	assert.NotNil(t, h)
-	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
-	assert.NotNil(t, buf)
-	err = codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(data)
-
+	var decoded map[string]any
+	var mh codec.MsgpackHandle
+	mh.RawToString = true
+	err = codec.NewDecoderBytes(w.Body.Bytes(), &mh).Decode(&decoded)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, w.Body.String(), buf.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, data, decoded)
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/msgpack; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
+
+func TestWriteMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	data := map[string]any{
+		"foo": "bar",
+		"num": 42,
+	}
+
+	err := WriteMsgPack(w, data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/msgpack; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+
+	var decoded map[string]any
+	var mh codec.MsgpackHandle
+	mh.RawToString = true
+	err = codec.NewDecoderBytes(w.Body.Bytes(), &mh).Decode(&decoded)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, decoded, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", decoded["foo"])
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 42, decoded["num"])
+}
+
+type failWriter struct {
+	*httptest.ResponseRecorder
+}
+
+func (w *failWriter) Write(data []byte) (int, error) {
+	return 0, errors.New("write error")
+}
+
+func TestRenderMsgPackError(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	data := map[string]any{
+		"foo": "bar",
+	}
+
+	err := (MsgPack{data}).Render(&failWriter{w})
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "write error")
+}

render/render_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/xml"
 	"errors"
 	"html/template"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
@@ -15,16 +16,13 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/codec/json"
 	testdata "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver/v2/bson"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )
 
-// TODO unit tests
-// test errors
-
 func TestRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	data := map[string]any{
@@ -139,19 +137,44 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSON(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 type errorWriter struct {
-	bufString string
+	bufString    string
+	ErrThreshold int // 1-based threshold. If 1, errors on the 1st Write call.
+	writeCount   int
 	*httptest.ResponseRecorder
 }
 
 var _ http.ResponseWriter = (*errorWriter)(nil)
 
+func (w *errorWriter) Header() http.Header {
+	if w.ResponseRecorder == nil {
+		w.ResponseRecorder = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	}
+	return w.ResponseRecorder.Header()
+}
+
+func (w *errorWriter) WriteHeader(statusCode int) {
+	if w.ResponseRecorder == nil {
+		w.ResponseRecorder = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	}
+	w.ResponseRecorder.WriteHeader(statusCode)
+}
+
 func (w *errorWriter) Write(buf []byte) (int, error) {
-	if string(buf) == w.bufString {
-		return 0, errors.New(`write "` + w.bufString + `" error`)
+	w.writeCount++
+	if (w.bufString != "" && string(buf) == w.bufString) || (w.ErrThreshold > 0 && w.writeCount >= w.ErrThreshold) {
+		return 0, errors.New(`write error`)
+	}
+	if w.ResponseRecorder == nil {
+		w.ResponseRecorder = httptest.NewRecorder()
 	}
 	return w.ResponseRecorder.Write(buf)
 }
 
+func (w *errorWriter) reset() {
+	w.writeCount = 0
+	w.ResponseRecorder = httptest.NewRecorder()
+}
+
 func TestRenderJsonpJSONError(t *testing.T) {
 	ew := &errorWriter{
 		ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder(),
@@ -164,23 +187,33 @@ func TestRenderJsonpJSONError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 
-	cb := template.JSEscapeString(jsonpJSON.Callback)
-	ew.bufString = cb
-	err := jsonpJSON.Render(ew) // error was returned while writing callback
-	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+cb+`" error`, err.Error())
+	// error was returned while writing callback
+	ew.reset()
+	ew.ErrThreshold = 1
+	err := jsonpJSON.Render(ew)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "write error", err.Error())
 
-	ew.bufString = `(`
+	// error was returned while writing "("
+	ew.reset()
+	ew.ErrThreshold = 2
 	err = jsonpJSON.Render(ew)
-	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+`(`+`" error`, err.Error())
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "write error", err.Error())
 
-	data, _ := json.API.Marshal(jsonpJSON.Data) // error was returned while writing data
-	ew.bufString = string(data)
+	// error was returned while writing data
+	ew.reset()
+	ew.ErrThreshold = 3
 	err = jsonpJSON.Render(ew)
-	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+string(data)+`" error`, err.Error())
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "write error", err.Error())
 
-	ew.bufString = `);`
+	// error was returned while writing ");"
+	ew.reset()
+	ew.ErrThreshold = 4
 	err = jsonpJSON.Render(ew)
-	assert.Equal(t, `write "`+`);`+`" error`, err.Error())
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "write error", err.Error())
 }
 
 func TestRenderJsonpJSONError2(t *testing.T) {
@@ -359,6 +392,55 @@ func TestRenderProtoBufFail(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestRenderBSON(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	reps := []int64{int64(1), int64(2)}
+	type mystruct struct {
+		Label string
+		Reps  []int64
+	}
+
+	data := &mystruct{
+		Label: "test",
+		Reps:  reps,
+	}
+
+	(BSON{data}).WriteContentType(w)
+	bsonData, err := bson.Marshal(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/bson", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+
+	err = (BSON{data}).Render(w)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, bsonData, w.Body.Bytes())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/bson", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+func TestRenderBSONError(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	data := make(chan int)
+
+	err := (BSON{data}).Render(w)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestRenderBSONWriteError(t *testing.T) {
+	type testStruct struct {
+		Value string
+	}
+	data := &testStruct{Value: "test"}
+
+	ew := &errorWriter{
+		ErrThreshold:     1,
+		ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder(),
+	}
+
+	err := (BSON{data}).Render(ew)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "write error", err.Error())
+}
+
 func TestRenderXML(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	data := xmlmap{
@@ -375,6 +457,31 @@ func TestRenderXML(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/xml; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+func TestRenderXMLError(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	data := make(chan int)
+
+	err := (XML{data}).Render(w)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "xml: unsupported type: chan int")
+}
+
+func TestRenderPDF(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	data := []byte("%Test pdf content")
+
+	pdf := PDF{data}
+
+	pdf.WriteContentType(w)
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/pdf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+
+	err := pdf.Render(w)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, data, w.Body.Bytes())
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/pdf", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
 func TestRenderRedirect(t *testing.T) {
 	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test-redirect", nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -427,6 +534,52 @@ func TestRenderData(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "#!PNG some raw data", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "image/png", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "19", w.Header().Get("Content-Length"))
+}
+
+func TestRenderDataContentLength(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		size, err := strconv.Atoi(r.URL.Query().Get("size"))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		data := Data{
+			ContentType: "application/octet-stream",
+			Data:        make([]byte, size),
+		}
+		assert.NoError(t, data.Render(w))
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	for _, size := range []int{0, 1, 100, 100_000} {
+		t.Run(strconv.Itoa(size), func(t *testing.T) {
+			resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL + "?size=" + strconv.Itoa(size))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+			assert.Equal(t, "application/octet-stream", resp.Header.Get("Content-Type"))
+			assert.Equal(t, strconv.Itoa(size), resp.Header.Get("Content-Length"))
+
+			actual, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.EqualValues(t, size, actual)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRenderDataError(t *testing.T) {
+	ew := &errorWriter{
+		ErrThreshold:     1,
+		ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder(),
+	}
+	data := []byte("#!PNG some raw data")
+
+	err := (Data{
+		ContentType: "image/png",
+		Data:        data,
+	}).Render(ew)
+
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "write error", err.Error())
 }
 
 func TestRenderString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -568,6 +721,32 @@ func TestRenderHTMLDebugPanics(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Panics(t, func() { htmlRender.Instance("", nil) })
 }
 
+func TestRenderHTMLTemplateError(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	templ := template.Must(template.New("t").Parse(`Hello {{if .name}}{{.name.DoesNotExist}}{{end}}`))
+
+	htmlRender := HTMLProduction{Template: templ}
+	instance := htmlRender.Instance("t", map[string]any{
+		"name": "alexandernyquist",
+	})
+
+	err := instance.Render(w)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestRenderHTMLTemplateExecuteError(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	templ := template.Must(template.New("t").Parse(`Hello {{.name.invalid}}`))
+
+	htmlRender := HTMLProduction{Template: templ}
+	instance := htmlRender.Instance("t", map[string]any{
+		"name": "alexandernyquist",
+	})
+
+	err := instance.Render(w)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
 func TestRenderReader(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
@@ -619,10 +798,10 @@ func TestRenderWriteError(t *testing.T) {
 	prefix := "my-prefix:"
 	r := SecureJSON{Data: data, Prefix: prefix}
 	ew := &errorWriter{
-		bufString:        prefix,
+		ErrThreshold:     1,
 		ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder(),
 	}
 	err := r.Render(ew)
 	require.Error(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, `write "my-prefix:" error`, err.Error())
+	assert.Equal(t, "write error", err.Error())
 }

response_writer.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const (
 	defaultStatus = http.StatusOK
 )
 
-var errHijackAlreadyWritten = errors.New("gin: response already written")
+var errHijackAlreadyWritten = errors.New("gin: response body already written")
 
 // ResponseWriter ...
 type ResponseWriter interface {
@@ -109,7 +109,9 @@ func (w *responseWriter) Written() bool {
 
 // Hijack implements the http.Hijacker interface.
 func (w *responseWriter) Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error) {
-	if w.Written() {
+	// Allow hijacking before any data is written (size == -1) or after headers are written (size == 0),
+	// but not after body data is written (size > 0). For compatibility with websocket libraries (e.g., github.com/coder/websocket)
+	if w.size > 0 {
 		return nil, nil, errHijackAlreadyWritten
 	}
 	if w.size < 0 {
@@ -126,7 +128,9 @@ func (w *responseWriter) CloseNotify() <-chan bool {
 // Flush implements the http.Flusher interface.
 func (w *responseWriter) Flush() {
 	w.WriteHeaderNow()
-	w.ResponseWriter.(http.Flusher).Flush()
+	if f, ok := w.ResponseWriter.(http.Flusher); ok {
+		f.Flush()
+	}
 }
 
 func (w *responseWriter) Pusher() (pusher http.Pusher) {

response_writer_test.go

@@ -194,6 +194,64 @@ func TestResponseWriterHijackAfterWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Test: WebSocket compatibility - allow hijack after WriteHeaderNow(), but block after body data.
+func TestResponseWriterHijackAfterWriteHeaderNow(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name                      string
+		action                    func(w ResponseWriter) error
+		expectWrittenBeforeHijack bool
+		expectHijackSuccess       bool
+		expectWrittenAfterHijack  bool
+		expectError               error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "hijack after WriteHeaderNow only should succeed (websocket pattern)",
+			action: func(w ResponseWriter) error {
+				w.WriteHeaderNow() // Simulate websocket.Accept() behavior
+				return nil
+			},
+			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: true,
+			expectHijackSuccess:       true, // NEW BEHAVIOR: allow hijack after just header write
+			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true,
+			expectError:               nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "hijack after WriteHeaderNow + Write should fail",
+			action: func(w ResponseWriter) error {
+				w.WriteHeaderNow()
+				_, err := w.Write([]byte("test"))
+				return err
+			},
+			expectWrittenBeforeHijack: true,
+			expectHijackSuccess:       false,
+			expectWrittenAfterHijack:  true,
+			expectError:               errHijackAlreadyWritten,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			hijacker := &mockHijacker{ResponseRecorder: httptest.NewRecorder()}
+			writer := &responseWriter{}
+			writer.reset(hijacker)
+			w := ResponseWriter(writer)
+
+			require.NoError(t, tc.action(w), "unexpected error during pre-hijack action")
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenBeforeHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state before hijack")
+
+			_, _, hijackErr := w.Hijack()
+
+			if tc.expectError == nil {
+				require.NoError(t, hijackErr, "expected hijack to succeed")
+			} else {
+				require.ErrorIs(t, hijackErr, tc.expectError, "unexpected error from Hijack()")
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectHijackSuccess, hijacker.hijacked, "unexpected hijacker.hijacked state")
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectWrittenAfterHijack, w.Written(), "unexpected w.Written() state after hijack")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestResponseWriterFlush(t *testing.T) {
 	testServer := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		writer := &responseWriter{}

routergroup.go

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (group *RouterGroup) StaticFile(relativePath, filepath string) IRoutes {
 	})
 }
 
-// StaticFileFS works just like `StaticFile` but a custom `http.FileSystem` can be used instead..
+// StaticFileFS works just like `StaticFile` but a custom `http.FileSystem` can be used instead.
 // router.StaticFileFS("favicon.ico", "./resources/favicon.ico", Dir{".", false})
 // Gin by default uses: gin.Dir()
 func (group *RouterGroup) StaticFileFS(relativePath, filepath string, fs http.FileSystem) IRoutes {

test_helpers.go

@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
 
 package gin
 
-import "net/http"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+)
 
 // CreateTestContext returns a fresh Engine and a Context associated with it.
 // This is useful for tests that need to set up a new Gin engine instance
@@ -29,3 +33,25 @@ func CreateTestContextOnly(w http.ResponseWriter, r *Engine) (c *Context) {
 	c.writermem.reset(w)
 	return
 }
+
+// waitForServerReady waits for a server to be ready by making HTTP requests
+// with exponential backoff. This is more reliable than time.Sleep() for testing.
+func waitForServerReady(url string, maxAttempts int) error {
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Timeout: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < maxAttempts; i++ {
+		resp, err := client.Get(url)
+		if err == nil {
+			resp.Body.Close()
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Exponential backoff: 10ms, 20ms, 40ms, 80ms, 160ms...
+		backoff := min(time.Duration(10*(1<<uint(i)))*time.Millisecond, 500*time.Millisecond)
+		time.Sleep(backoff)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("server at %s did not become ready after %d attempts", url, maxAttempts)
+}

tree.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode"
@@ -14,12 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 )
 
-var (
-	strColon = []byte(":")
-	strStar  = []byte("*")
-	strSlash = []byte("/")
-)
-
 // Param is a single URL parameter, consisting of a key and a value.
 type Param struct {
 	Key   string
@@ -85,16 +78,13 @@ func (n *node) addChild(child *node) {
 }
 
 func countParams(path string) uint16 {
-	var n uint16
-	s := bytesconv.StringToBytes(path)
-	n += uint16(bytes.Count(s, strColon))
-	n += uint16(bytes.Count(s, strStar))
-	return n
+	colons := strings.Count(path, ":")
+	stars := strings.Count(path, "*")
+	return safeUint16(colons + stars)
 }
 
 func countSections(path string) uint16 {
-	s := bytesconv.StringToBytes(path)
-	return uint16(bytes.Count(s, strSlash))
+	return safeUint16(strings.Count(path, "/"))
 }
 
 type nodeType uint8
@@ -681,12 +671,7 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 func (n *node) findCaseInsensitivePath(path string, fixTrailingSlash bool) ([]byte, bool) {
 	const stackBufSize = 128
 
-	// Use a static sized buffer on the stack in the common case.
-	// If the path is too long, allocate a buffer on the heap instead.
-	buf := make([]byte, 0, stackBufSize)
-	if length := len(path) + 1; length > stackBufSize {
-		buf = make([]byte, 0, length)
-	}
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, max(stackBufSize, len(path)+1))
 
 	ciPath := n.findCaseInsensitivePathRec(
 		path,
@@ -833,7 +818,72 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		n = n.children[0]
+		// When wildChild is true, try static children first (via indices)
+		// before falling back to the wildcard child. This ensures that
+		// case-insensitive lookups prefer static routes over param routes
+		// (e.g., /PREFIX/XXX should resolve to /prefix/xxx, not match :id).
+		if len(n.indices) > 0 {
+			rb = shiftNRuneBytes(rb, npLen)
+
+			if rb[0] != 0 {
+				idxc := rb[0]
+				for i, c := range []byte(n.indices) {
+					if c == idxc {
+						if out := n.children[i].findCaseInsensitivePathRec(
+							path, ciPath, rb, fixTrailingSlash,
+						); out != nil {
+							return out
+						}
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				var rv rune
+				var off int
+				for max_ := min(npLen, 3); off < max_; off++ {
+					if i := npLen - off; utf8.RuneStart(oldPath[i]) {
+						rv, _ = utf8.DecodeRuneInString(oldPath[i:])
+						break
+					}
+				}
+
+				lo := unicode.ToLower(rv)
+				utf8.EncodeRune(rb[:], lo)
+				rb = shiftNRuneBytes(rb, off)
+
+				idxc := rb[0]
+				for i, c := range []byte(n.indices) {
+					if c == idxc {
+						if out := n.children[i].findCaseInsensitivePathRec(
+							path, ciPath, rb, fixTrailingSlash,
+						); out != nil {
+							return out
+						}
+						break
+					}
+				}
+
+				if up := unicode.ToUpper(rv); up != lo {
+					utf8.EncodeRune(rb[:], up)
+					rb = shiftNRuneBytes(rb, off)
+
+					idxc := rb[0]
+					for i, c := range []byte(n.indices) {
+						if c == idxc {
+							if out := n.children[i].findCaseInsensitivePathRec(
+								path, ciPath, rb, fixTrailingSlash,
+							); out != nil {
+								return out
+							}
+							break
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Fall back to wildcard child, which is always at the end of the array
+		n = n.children[len(n.children)-1]
 		switch n.nType {
 		case param:
 			// Find param end (either '/' or path end)

tree_test.go

@@ -1018,3 +1018,96 @@ func TestWildcardInvalidSlash(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTreeFindCaseInsensitivePathWithMultipleChildrenAndWildcard(t *testing.T) {
+	tree := &node{}
+
+	// Setup routes that create a node with both static children and a wildcard child.
+	// This configuration previously caused a panic ("invalid node type") in
+	// findCaseInsensitivePathRec because it accessed children[0] instead of the
+	// wildcard child (which is always at the end of the children array).
+	// See: https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/2959
+	routes := [...]string{
+		"/aa/aa",
+		"/:bb/aa",
+	}
+
+	for _, route := range routes {
+		recv := catchPanic(func() {
+			tree.addRoute(route, fakeHandler(route))
+		})
+		if recv != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("panic inserting route '%s': %v", route, recv)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// These lookups previously panicked with "invalid node type" because
+	// findCaseInsensitivePathRec picked children[0] (a static node) instead
+	// of the wildcard child at the end of the array.
+	out, found := tree.findCaseInsensitivePath("/aa", true)
+	if found {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no match for '/aa', but got: %s", string(out))
+	}
+
+	out, found = tree.findCaseInsensitivePath("/aa/aa/aa/aa", true)
+	if found {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no match for '/aa/aa/aa/aa', but got: %s", string(out))
+	}
+
+	// Case-insensitive lookup should match the static route /aa/aa
+	out, found = tree.findCaseInsensitivePath("/AA/AA", true)
+	if !found {
+		t.Error("Route '/AA/AA' not found via case-insensitive lookup")
+	} else if string(out) != "/aa/aa" {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong result for '/AA/AA': expected '/aa/aa', got: %s", string(out))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTreeFindCaseInsensitivePathWildcardParamAndStaticChild(t *testing.T) {
+	tree := &node{}
+
+	// Another variant: param route + static route under same prefix
+	routes := [...]string{
+		"/prefix/:id",
+		"/prefix/xxx",
+	}
+
+	for _, route := range routes {
+		recv := catchPanic(func() {
+			tree.addRoute(route, fakeHandler(route))
+		})
+		if recv != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("panic inserting route '%s': %v", route, recv)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Should NOT panic even for paths that don't match any route
+	out, found := tree.findCaseInsensitivePath("/prefix/a/b/c", true)
+	if found {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no match for '/prefix/a/b/c', but got: %s", string(out))
+	}
+
+	// Exact match should still work
+	out, found = tree.findCaseInsensitivePath("/prefix/xxx", true)
+	if !found {
+		t.Error("Route '/prefix/xxx' not found")
+	} else if string(out) != "/prefix/xxx" {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong result for '/prefix/xxx': %s", string(out))
+	}
+
+	// Case-insensitive match should work
+	out, found = tree.findCaseInsensitivePath("/PREFIX/XXX", true)
+	if !found {
+		t.Error("Route '/PREFIX/XXX' not found via case-insensitive lookup")
+	} else if string(out) != "/prefix/xxx" {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong result for '/PREFIX/XXX': expected '/prefix/xxx', got: %s", string(out))
+	}
+
+	// Param route should still match
+	out, found = tree.findCaseInsensitivePath("/prefix/something", true)
+	if !found {
+		t.Error("Route '/prefix/something' not found via param match")
+	} else if string(out) != "/prefix/something" {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong result for '/prefix/something': %s", string(out))
+	}
+}

utils.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package gin
 
 import (
 	"encoding/xml"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path"
@@ -18,6 +19,12 @@ import (
 // BindKey indicates a default bind key.
 const BindKey = "_gin-gonic/gin/bindkey"
 
+// localhostIP indicates the default localhost IP address.
+const localhostIP = "127.0.0.1"
+
+// localhostIPv6 indicates the default localhost IPv6 address.
+const localhostIPv6 = "::1"
+
 // Bind is a helper function for given interface object and returns a Gin middleware.
 func Bind(val any) HandlerFunc {
 	value := reflect.ValueOf(val)
@@ -155,10 +162,26 @@ func resolveAddress(addr []string) string {
 
 // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53069040/checking-a-string-contains-only-ascii-characters
 func isASCII(s string) bool {
-	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
+	for i := range len(s) {
 		if s[i] > unicode.MaxASCII {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
 	return true
 }
+
+// safeInt8 converts int to int8 safely, capping at math.MaxInt8
+func safeInt8(n int) int8 {
+	if n > math.MaxInt8 {
+		return math.MaxInt8
+	}
+	return int8(n)
+}
+
+// safeUint16 converts int to uint16 safely, capping at math.MaxUint16
+func safeUint16(n int) uint16 {
+	if n > math.MaxUint16 {
+		return math.MaxUint16
+	}
+	return uint16(n)
+}

utils_test.go

@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/xml"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkParseAccept(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		parseAccept("text/html , application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,  */* ;q=0.8")
 	}
 }
@@ -144,7 +146,28 @@ func TestMarshalXMLforH(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Error(t, e)
 }
 
+func TestMarshalXMLforHSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	h := H{
+		"key1": "value1",
+		"key2": 123,
+	}
+	data, err := xml.Marshal(h)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, string(data), "<key1>value1</key1>")
+	assert.Contains(t, string(data), "<key2>123</key2>")
+}
+
 func TestIsASCII(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, isASCII("test"))
 	assert.False(t, isASCII("🧡💛💚💙💜"))
 }
+
+func TestSafeInt8(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, int8(100), safeInt8(100))
+	assert.Equal(t, int8(math.MaxInt8), safeInt8(int(math.MaxInt8)+123))
+}
+
+func TestSafeUint16(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(100), safeUint16(100))
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(math.MaxUint16), safeUint16(int(math.MaxUint16)+123))
+}

version.go

@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@
 package gin
 
 // Version is the current gin framework's version.
-const Version = "v1.11.0"
+const Version = "v1.12.0"